question

Service

answer

any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it

question

close link between services and settlements because

answer

services are located in settlements

question

settlement

answer

permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services; range in size from tiny rural to metropolitan areas; small area of Earth's surface but home to nearly all humans

question

only location factor critical for a service

answer

proximity to market

question

industries can locate in remote areas, whereas services must follow

answer

the distribution of where people live

question

Services cluster in MDCs because

answer

more people are able to buy services live there; larger cities offer larger scale of services because more customers are there

question

describe trends towards globalization

answer

provision of services increasingly more uniform from one urban settlement to another, particularly in MDCs; connections among settlements

question

describe trends towards local diversity

answer

within MDCs, fast-food restaurants may be located in every settlement, but other services cluster in particular locations; a settlement may offer a service like a medical clinic or film studio not found in others; every settlement has distinctive services

question

In North America, what fraction of workers are in service? How about in LDCs?

answer

¾ of MDC workers are in services; in LDCs less than ¼

question

MDCs services generate more than ____of GDP

answer

?

question

The Three types of Services

answer

Consumer, Business, and Public

question

Consumer Services

answer

provides services to individual customers who desire them and can afford to pay for them; ½ of jobs in US are in consumer services

question

List the 4 types of Consumer Services

answer

Retail and wholesale, educators in public schools, health, leisure and hospitality

question

Business Services

answer

facilitate other businesses

question

List the 3types of Business Services

answer

Financial, Professional, transportation and similar

question

What do transportation services do?

answer

diffuse and distribute services

question

Public Services

answer

provide security and protection for citizens and businesses

question

what constitutes as a professional service

answer

engineering, management, law

question

employment in public services has been

answer

declining

question

services are clustered in

answer

Settlements

question

Describe Early Consumer Services

answer

nomadism to agriculture; build temples; women make home and hearth cozy; stores evolve; eventually people began to specialize

question

Describe Early (Ancient) Public Services

answer

protection from attack; soldiers defend a wall; food needed, transportation needed for food, storage facilities needed for food

question

most people in the world still live in

answer

rural settlements that have changed little in purpose since ancient times...these are clustered rural settlements

question

clustered rural settlements

answer

number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings; includes homes, farm structures, and local consumer services; villages; people are allocated strips of land; satellite settlements when population grew too large; buildings and fields are arranged according to local cultural and physical characteristics; arranged in strips or circles

question

Dispersed rural settlements

answer

farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors; characteristic of North American rural landscape; they have become more common recently in MDCs because they are considered more efficient than clustered settlements

question

Colonial settlements in Middle Atlantic colonies

answer

dispersed rural settlements settled by heterogenous group of people and came as individuals rather than members of a cohesive religious or cultural groups; bought land from speculators or had been given land grants personally (like William Penn)

question

Colonial settlements in the American midwest

answer

dominated by dispersed rural settlements because most of its early settlers came from the Middle Atlantic colonies

question

clustered rural settlement worked when _______, but not________

answer

works when the population was low but cannot meet needs of a growing population

question

Circular rural settlements

answer

clustered rural settlement; central open space surrounded by structures; kraal villages in southern Africa; sometimes in rings

question

linear rural settlements

answer

clustered rural settlement: buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications; fields extend behind buildings in narrow strips; exist in areas settled by the French (called long-lot); roads constructed parallel to the river for access to inland farms and therefore a new linear settlement emerged along each road parallel to original settlement

question

colonial american clustered settlements

answer

New England builds clustered settlements centered on an open land called a common; settlers grouped homes and public buildings around the common and each settler had a home lot with a barn, garden, and livestock enclosure; New Englanders favored clustered settlements because they frequently traveled to the American colonies in a group (land grants), because they wanted to reinforce common cultural and religious values, and because they wanted defense from Indian attacks; New England dispersed distribution replaced clustered settlements in 18th century as cultural bonds weakened and descendants of settlers grew less interested in their original values

question

Describe the remnants of colonial development in contemporary New England

answer

contains remnants of old clustered rural patterns; many towns have central common surrounded by public buildings and houses...but these towns are shells of what once was, because of factories

question

Enclosure movement

answer

movement in UK between 1750 and 1850: British gov transforms rural landscape by consolidating individually owned strips of land surrounding a village into a single large farm owned by an individual; people sometimes forced to give up their former holdings

question

Benefit of the Enclosure movement

answer

greater agricultural efficiency (time not wasted moving between fields, farm machinery leads to efficient large scale operation)

question

Problem of the Enclosure movement

answer

destroyed self contained world of village life; village populations decline drastically as displaced farmers move to urban settlements;

question

Describe the difference of distribution in MDCs consumer services and business services

answer

consumer services generally follow a pattern based on the size of settlements (larger settlements offer more consumer services than smaller ones); business services cluster in specific settlements, creating a specialized pattern

question

Most important factor in profitability of a consumer service

answer

selecting right location for a shop

question

central place

answer

market center for exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area; centrally located to maximize accessibility from the surrounding region; central places compete against each other to serve as markets for goods and services and this competition creates pattern of settlements

question

central place theory

answer

geographic concept that explains how services are distributed and why a regular pattern of settlements exists; applies most clearly in regions which are not heavily industrialized or interrupted by major physical features

question

market area is aka

answer

hinterland

question

market area

answer

area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted; a nodal region created by drawing a circle around the node of service on a map, and the territory within the circle is the market area

question

nodal region

answer

region with a core where the characteristic is most intense

question

people like to get services from ______ location

answer

nearest

question

to represent a market area, what shape best represents the market area in drawing out the central place theory?

answer

a hexagon because it is equidistant from the center, no gaps, not overlapping

question

To determine the extent of the market area what two measurements are used?

answer

range and threshold

question

range of a service

answer

maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service; radius of the circle drawn to delineate a service's market area; people want to go short distances for every day services; they will travel long distance for special things (concerts)...example-convenience store has a small range while a stadium has a large range

question

How does competition impact the range of a service

answer

range must be modified; people tend to go to the nearest available service

question

threshold of a service

answer

minimum number of people needed to support a service; minimum number of customers needed to generate enough sales to make a profit; a company must must select a location suitable by counting the potential customers in their radius; depends on product

question

how do retailers and other service providers use of market-area studies?

answer

to determine the profitability of locating in a market and where within the market area the best location would be

question

How is the profitability of a location determined?

answer

by combining range and threshold

question

the best location of a service is

answer

the one that minimizes distance to the service for the largest number of people

question

best location in a linear settlement

answer

the service should be located where half are on one side and half are on another

question

Why is determining location not always easy

answer

you can't always divide a settlement in half because different numbers of people live in each household...as a result geographers use a gravity model

question

gravity model

answer

predicts optimal location of a service is related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to distance people must travel to access it

question

consumer behavior reflects what two patterns

answer

the greater the number of people living in a particular place, the greater is the number of potential customers; farther people are from a service, the less likely they are to use it

question

small settlements limited to

answer

consumer services that have small thresholds, short ranges, small market areas...too few people live in small settlements to support many services; large stores and specialty stores cannot survive;

question

larger settlements provide what kind of service

answer

consumer services (larger thresholds, ranges, and market areas)

question

Nesting of Services and Settlements

answer

overlapping market area hexagons of different sizes; many different kinds of settlements nestle among one another; different sizes with different extents

question

rank-size rule

answer

MDCs geographers observe that ranking settlements from largest to smallest population produces a regular pattern or hierarchy; ...rank size distribution forms fairly straight line (if not straight line, then not a rank-size distribution of settlements)

question

primate city rule

answer

popular in Europe; largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement...country's largest city is called the primate city; rank size rule prevalent in smaller settlements, but fails in larger settlements

question

why is the existence of rank size distribution relevant?

answer

it has an impact on the quality of life for a country's inhabitants...regular hierarchy (like in the US) indicates a society is wealthy enough to justify the provision of goods and services to consumers throughout the country, whereas the absence of the rank-size distribution in an LDC indicates there is not enough wealth in a society to pay for services

question

Periodic market

answer

collection of individual vendors who come together to offer goods and services in a location on specified days; where services at lower end of central place hierarchy are provided; set up in streets or public space and taken down after a day; provides goods to LDCs and rural MDCs where sparse populations and low incomes produce purchasing power too low to support full-time retailing...makes services available in more places than would otherwise be possible; frequently mobile; influenced by culture

question

Describe the proportionality of business service clustering, particularly between large and small settlements

answer

business services disproportionately cluster in a few settlements and individual settlements then specialize in a particular business service

question

Ancient World Cities

answer

urban settlements date from beginning of documented history in Middle East and Asia...origin in Mesopotamia

question

Earliest Urban Settlements

answer

Ur in Mesopotamia; Ancient Athens; Ancient Rome

question

city state

answer

independent self-governing communities that included settlement and nearby countryside...settlement provided government, military protection, and public services; Ancient Greece and Rome

question

Describe the dispersing of towns in Ancient Greece for Trade purposes

answer

towns popped up all throughout the region in 8th and 7th centuries BC to fill in the gaps along trading routes and to open new markets for goods...diffusion of urban settlements from eastern Mediterranean westward

question

Describe the fragmentation of Ancient Rome

answer

Rome was the empire's center for administration, commerce, culture...fall of Roman Empire in 5th century leads to the decline of urban settlement, for their prosperity had relied on the security and trade provided by Rome...empire fragmented under hundreds of rulers and trade diminished...large urban settlements were abandoned and shrunk

question

Medieval World Cities

answer

urban life revived in Europe after fall of Roman Empire in 11th century as feudal lords established new urban settlements...gave residents rights to establish independent cities in exchange for fighting for the lord; trade among urban settlements enhanced by new roads and use of rivers; Europe covered in dense network of small market towns

question

Between the collapse of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, most of world's major/thriving cities were in

answer

Asia

question

The emergence of Modern World Cities

answer

emerged where high percentage of world's business is transacted and political power is concentrated...world cities are centers of business services and top of central-place hierarchy in provision of consumer services and public service centers...great transportation and communications...though manufacturing is now decentralized, modern inventions reinforce rather than diminish primacy of world cities in global economy

question

Business Services in Modern World Cities

answer

world cities offer financial services to businesses...they are centers for finance and so attract headquarters of major banks, insurance companies, and specialized financial institutions where corporations can get funds for production expansion; stock exchanges are located in cities; requires obtaining info as quickly as possible; lawyers, accountants, professionals cluster in to provide advice to corporations and financial institutions; transportation services converge on cities

question

clustering of business services in world cities is product of

answer

Industrial Revolution

question

Consumer Services in Modern World Cities

answer

large size of cities means extensive market area retail services; disproportionately large number of wealthy people live in world cities...luxury and highly specialized products likely to be sold there; leisure services of national significant cluster in world cities because they require large thresholds and large ranges and because of wealthy patrons

question

Public Services in Modern World Cities

answer

centers of national and international political power; frequently national capitals; lobbying groups and unions

question

Four levels of cities that play a major role in provision of business services in the global economy

answer

the dominating few, regional command and control centers, specialized producer service centers, dependent centers

question

cities with ________ populations play less important roles in provision of business services

answer

large

question

First tier of World Cities

answer

London, New York, Tokyo; each is largest city in one of the three main regions of the more developed World and home to some of the most important stock exchange operations; they contain large concentrations of financial and related business services

question

Second tier of world cities

answer

Chicago, LA, Washington, Frankfurt, Paris, Brussels, Zurich; major corporations and banks may have headquarters in second tier cities

question

Command and Control Centers

answer

headquarters of many large corporations; well developed banking facilities; important educational, medical, public institutions

question

two levels of Command and Control

answer

regional and subregional

question

Specialized Producer-Service Centers

answer

offers narrow and highly specialized variety of services (research/development; or education; or medicine)

question

Dependent Centers

answer

fourth level of cities; provides unskilled jobs; their economic wealth depends on decisions made in the major world cities, regional command and control centers, and specialized producer-service centers

question

The four subtypes of Dependent Centers

answer

resort, retirement, residential; Manufacturing; Industrial and military centers; Mining and Industrial Centers

question

basic industries

answer

export primarily to consumers outside the settlement; from which a settlement's distinctive economic structure derives

question

nonbasic industries

answer

enterprises whose customers live in the same community (consumer services)

question

community's collection of _____ industry defines economic base

answer

basic

question

Why is an economic base important?

answer

because it brings money into local economy and stimulates provision of more nonbasic consumer services

question

Why are new basic industries good?

answer

they attract new workers and these workers bring their families and so new basic industry stimulates establishment of new supermarkets, restaurants and consumer services

question

Why are new nonbasic services not beneficial?

answer

they do not induce construction of new basic industries

question

Most communities that have an economic base of manufacturing durable goods are clustered where?

answer

between Ohio and southeastern Wisconsin

question

most communities that focus on nondurable goods are in

answer

the Southeast, particularly the Carolinas

question

settlements can be classified by their type of ________ because______

answer

their type of basic activity because each type of activity has a different spatial distribution

question

Detroit specializes in

answer

manufacturing motor vehicles

question

Gary, Indiana specializes in

answer

steel

question

Because the US is in a postindustrial society,basic economic activities are increasing becoming

answer

business, consumer, or public services (Example: Cleveland used to focus on steel production, but is now a medical Mecca)

question

Describe and compare the growth of population and service provision in the Southern, Western, Northern, and Eastern US

answer

population in Southern and Western US growing, but cities in North and East have expanded provision of business services more rapidly (Northern and Eastern cities that were once major manufacturing centers have become business service centers; moved more aggressively to restructure economic bases to offset declines in manufacturing jobs)

question

in global economy LDCs specialize in what two types of business services

answer

small countries (islands and microstates) exploit niches in was regulating the circulation of global capital by offering offshore financial services; peripheral region back-office function

question

Offshore centers provide what two important functions in global circulation of capital

answer

tax advantages and privacy; provide havens to tax dodges and illegal schemes

question

companies incorporated in an offshore center have

answer

tax-free status regardless of nationality of workers

question

LDCs have attracted back-offices due to

answer

labor (low wage rate and ability to speak English)

question

menial work in MDCs regarded as _______ in LDCs and thus attracts______

answer

regarded as high-status work in LDCs and thus attracts highly motivated and better educated workers

question

Why is the ability to communicate in english an advantage in back-offices?

answer

over telephone communication competitive between neighboring countries; familiarity with english is advantage not only for answering the telephone, but also for gaining better understanding of American buyer preferences

question

In what region are many back-offices?

answer

Asia

question

talented individuals are attracted to cities with

answer

the most job opportunities and financial incentives

question

major reason drawing talented individuals to cluster in some cities over others is _____ rather than _______

answer

cultural rather than economic...individuals with talents gravitate towards cities with more cultural diversity

question

Why is the number of talented individuals important?

answer

because they promote economic innovation

question

services of all types used to cluster _______ but now are moving to_______

answer

used to cluster in the center of the city (the downtown area known as the central business district, aka CBD), but are recently moving to suburban locations

question

CBD

answer

says that the center of a city is the best known and most visually distinctive area of most cities...usually one of the oldest districts and original site of the settlement...typically compact but contains large % of shops, offices, public institutions...consumer and business services were attracted to CBD because of accessibility

question

three types of retail services concentrate in the center

answer

Retail Services with a High Threshold, Retail services with a high range, retail services serving downtown workers

question

Why might retail services concentrate in the center of the city?

answer

because they require accessibility to everyone in the region:

question

Retail Services with a High Threshold

answer

high threshold shops traditionally preferred central location to be accessible to many people; department stores in CBD clustered across street from one another...recently, many high-threshold shops have closed downtown branches...department stores with high thresholds likely to be in suburban malls now

question

100 Percent corner

answer

intersection nearest cluster of retailers...rents highest because this location had highest accessibility for most customers

question

Retail services with a high range

answer

high range shop is generally very specialized with customers who patronize it infrequently; prefer central locations because their customers are scattered over a large area; many have moved with department stores to suburban shopping malls...they can still thrive in some CBDs if they combine retailing with recreational activities; major shopping malls are now popular

question

retail services serving downtown workers

answer

serves the many people who work in the center and shop during lunch or working hours (people who work for office suppliers, photocopiers, shoe repairs, etc)... breaks the pattern with the other two types of retailers because they are expanding in CBDs due to increasing % of downtown office workers and because downtown offices require more services

question

downtown shop patrons tend to be

answer

downtown employees who shop during lunch hour

question

changing pattern of demand in CBDs

answer

large department stores struggle to attract old customers, small shops that cater to special needs of local labor force succeed

question

offices cluster in CBDs for

answer

accessibility; many professionals still exchange info with colleagues through face-to-face contact; central location means they can employ workers from variety of neighborhoods

question

offices are centrally located to facilitate

answer

rapid communication of fast-breaking news through spatial proximity

question

chain of interdependency

answer

services and businesses depend on one another; continues to draw offices to center city

question

High Land Costs in the CBD

answer

center's accessibility produces extreme competition for the limited sites available, and as a result land value in the center is very high

question

two distinctive characteristics of the central city that follow from high land costs

answer

land is used more intensively in center than elsewhere; some activities are excluded from center because of high cost of the space

question

Intensive Land Use in the city

answer

intensive demand for space gives a central city a sense of three dimensional character, pushing it vertically; Central area has more space below and above ground level than in other parts of the city (underground network and transportation and communication)

question

Skyskrapers

answer

demand for space in central city made high-rise structures economically feasible; downtown skyscrapers give city distinctive images and unifying symbols; skyscrapers are example of vertical geography; the nature of an activity influences which floor it occupies; higher levels are at a lower cost

question

Problems with recent building boom in CBDs of North American cities

answer

too many skyscrapers build near each other causes traffic congestion in narrow streets, prevents sunlight from penetrating, high winds, high energy

question

first skyscrapers were built in

answer

Chicago in 1880s

question

high rents and land shortage discourage what two principal activities in the central area

answer

manufacturing and residence

question

Declining Manufacturing in the CBD

answer

typical modern industry requires a lot of land to spread operation out over 1 story buildings...suitable land typically found in suburbs; port activities are moving to more modern facilities downstream of old locations as old port buildings are demolished and replaced

question

describe the transformation of downtown waterfronts

answer

once rotted and were rather derelict, but now are major tourist attractions

question

Why are downtown residents pulled to suburbs

answer

offer of larger homes with private yards and modern schools; escape from the dirt, crime, congestion, and poverty of the city

question

Why are downtown residents pushed to suburbs?

answer

by high rents that businesses could pay but they couldn't

question

European CBDs

answer

central area less dominated by commercial consideration; European cities display medieval remnants; parks in center of European cities

question

service providers have moved to suburbs because

answer

most of their customers are there

question

Suburbanization of Retailing

answer

suburban residential growth has fostered change in traditional retailing patterns; downtown sales have stagnated because suburban residents who live far from CBD don't want to make the long journey there anymore; retailing concentrated in planned suburban shopping malls of varying sizes...larger malls have department stores and specialty shops

question

What makes a shopping mall successful?

answer

a successful shopping mall has a few anchors (large department stores)...consumers go to mall to shop at anchor and while there patronize the smaller shops

question

factories and warehouses have moved to suburbia for

answer

more space (more land needed for efficient operation because machinery is spread out across a single levels), cheaper land, and better truck access (suburban locations facilitate truck shipments with good access to main highways and no central city traffic congestion)

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