AP Human Geography – Chapter 11 Vocab – Flashcards
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Organic agriculture
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The production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers
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Primary economic activities
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The products closest to the ground - agriculture, ranching, hunting and gathering, fishing, forestry, mining, and quarrying
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Secondary economic activities
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Those activities that take a primary product and manufacture it - change it into something else such as toys, ships, processed foods, chemicals, and buildings
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Tertiary economic activities
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Part of the service industry, connecting producers to consumers and facilitating commerce and trade
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Quaternary economic activities
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Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital.
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Quinery economic activities
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Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill
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Plant domestication
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Genetic modifiction of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention
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Root crops
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Crops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants
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First agricultural revolution
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Achieved plant domestication and animal domestication 10,000 years ago
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Seed crops
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Plants that are reproduced by cultivating seeds
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Animal domestication
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Genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control
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Subsistence agriculture
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Growing only enough food to survive
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Shifting cultivation
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Primarily found in tropical and subtropical zones, where traditional farmers had to abandon plots of land after the soil became infertile
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Slash-and-burn agriculture
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Trees are cut down and all existing vegetation is burned off
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Second agricultural Revolution
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Moved agriculture beyond subsistence to generate the kinds of surpluses needed to feed thousandsof people working in factories instead of in agricultural needs
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The Von Thunen model
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The 1st effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity
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Third agricultural revolution
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Scientists began experimenting with technologically manipulated seed varieties to increase crop yields
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Green Revolution
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The recently successful development of higher-yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries
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Genetically modified organisms (GMO's)
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Crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods
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Rectangular survey system
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Used by U.S. Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains
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Township-and-range system
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Designed to facilitate the movement of nonIndians evenly across the farmlands of the U.S. interior
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Metes and bounds survey
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Natural features were used to demarcate irregular parcels of land
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Longlot survey system
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Divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals
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Primogeniture
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Eldest son in a family inherits all of a dying families land
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Commercial agriculture
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Large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases
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Monoculture
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Dependence on a single agricultural commodity
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Koppen climate classification system
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Classifies the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation
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Climatic regions
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Areas with smilar climatic characteristics
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Plantation agriculture
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Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation, and organized to produce a cash crop
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Luxury crops
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Tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco
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Livestock ranching
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The raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and byproducts, such as leather and wool
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Mediterranean agriculture
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Farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails
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Agriculture
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Deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, and fiber
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Agribusiness
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Businesses that provide a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry.
