AP Human Geography Barron’s Ch.4 Vocab – Flashcards
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| acculturation |
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| adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another |
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| animism |
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| most prevalent in Africa and the Americas, doctrine in which the world is seen as being infused with spiritual and even supernatural powers |
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| artifact |
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| any item that represents a material aspect of culture |
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| Buddhism |
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| system of belief that seeks to explain the ultimate realities for all people, such as the nature of suffering and the path toward self realization |
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| Caste system |
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| system in India that gives every Indian a particular place in the social hierarchy from birth; may improve position in their next life through actions, or karma. After many lives of good karma, they earn their place in heaven |
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| Christianity |
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| world's most widespread religion; monotheistic; uses missionaries to expand; 3 major categories are Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox |
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| Creole |
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| pidgin language that evolves to the point it becomes the primary language of the people who speak it |
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| cultural complex |
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| group of traits that define a particular culture |
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| cultural extinction |
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| obliteration of an entire culture by war, disease, acculturation, or a combination of 3 |
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| cultural geography |
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| subfield of human geography that looks how cultures vary over space |
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| cultural hearth |
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| locations on earth's surface where specific cultures first arose |
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| cultural imperialism |
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| dominance of one culture over another |
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| cultural trait |
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| specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture (ie language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of pop culture) |
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| culture |
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| total way of life held in common by a group of people, including learned features such as languages, ideology, behavior, technology, and government |
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| custom |
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| practices followed by the people of a particular cultural group |
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| denomination |
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| particular religious group usually associated with differing Protestant belief systems |
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| dialect |
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| geographically distinct versions of a single language that vary somewhat from the parent form |
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| diaspora |
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| people who come from a common ethnic background but live in different regions outside the home of their ethnicity |
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| ecumene |
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| proportion of earth inhabited by humans |
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| environmental determinism |
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| a doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions |
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| esperanto |
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| a constructed international auxiliary language incorporating aspects of numerous linguistic traditions to create a universal means of communication |
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| ethnic cleansing |
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| systematic attempt to remove all people of a certain ethnicity from a country or region either by forced migration or genocide |
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| ethnic neighborhood |
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| area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background |
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| ethnic religion |
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| religion that is identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group and that does not seek new converts |
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| ethnicity |
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| a group of people who share a common identity |
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| evangelical religions |
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| religion in which an effort is made to spread a particular belief system |
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| folk culture |
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| refers to a constellation of cultural practices that form the sights, smells, sounds, and rituals of everyday existence in the traditional societies in which they developed |
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| fundamentalism |
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| strict adherence to a particular doctrine |
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| genocide |
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| premeditated effort to kill everyone within a particular ethnic group |
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| ghetto |
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| segregated ethnic area within a city |
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| global religion |
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| religion in which members are numerous and widespread and their doctrines might appeal to different people from any region of the globe |
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| Hinduism |
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| cohesive and unique society, most prevalent in India, that integrates spiritual beliefs with daily practices and official institutions such as the Caste system |
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| Indo-European family |
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| language family including the Germanic and Romance languages that is spoken by about 50% of the world's people |
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| Islam |
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| monotheistic; god is Allah, Muhammad is prophet; based in city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the birthplace of Muhammad |
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| Isoglosses |
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| geographical boundary where linguistic differences meet |
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| Judaism |
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| first major monotheistic religion; based on sense of ethnic identity, and its adherents tend to form tight knit communities wherever they live |
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| language extinction |
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| when a language is no longer in use by any living people |
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| language family |
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| collection of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similarities |
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| lingua franca |
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| extremely simple language that combines aspects of two or more other more complex languages, usually used for quick and efficient communications |
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| literacy |
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| the ability to read and write |
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| local religion |
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| religions that are spiritually bounded to a particular region |
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| minority |
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| racial or ethnic group smaller than and differing from the majority or ethnicity in a particular area or region |
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| missionary |
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| person of a particular faith that travels in order to recruit new members into the faith represented |
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| monotheism |
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| worship of one god |
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| multicultural |
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| having to do with many cultures |
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| official language |
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| language in which all government business occurs in a country |
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| pidgin |
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| language that may develop when two groups of people with different languages meet; has some characteristics of each language |
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| pilgrimage |
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| journey to a place of religious importance |
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| polyglot |
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| multilingual state |
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| polytheism |
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| worship of one or more gods |
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| pop (or popular) culture |
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| dynamic culture based in a large, heterogeneous society permitting considerable individualism, innovation, and change, having a money based economy, division of labor into profession, secular institutions of control, and weak interpersonal ties; producing and consuming machine made goods |
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| race |
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| group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns, or genetically inherited characteristics |
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| Romance language |
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| any of the languages derived from Latin including Italian, Spanish, French, and Romanian |
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| shaman |
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| single person who takes on the roles of priest, counselor, and physician and acts as a conduit to the supernatural world in a shamanist culture |
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| Sino-Tibetan family |
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| language area that spreads through most of SE Asia and China and is comprised of Chinese, Burmese, Tibetan, Japanese, and Korean |
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| Syncretic |
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| traditions that borrow from both the past and present |
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| toponym |
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| place names given to certain features on the land such as settlements, terrain features, and streams |
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| Tradition |
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| cohesive collection of customs within a cultural group |
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| transculturation |
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| expansion of cultural traits through diffusion, adoption, and other related processes |
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| universalizing religion |
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| religion that seeks to unite people from all over the globe |
