AP human geo unit 4 terms – Flashcards
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Annexation
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the formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation
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Antarctica
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an extremely cold continent at the south pole almost entirely below the Antarctic Circle
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Apartheid
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a social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites
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Balkanization
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Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
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Border landscape
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There are two types, exclusionary and inclusionary. Exclusionary is meant to keep people out, such as the border between the U.S. and Mexico. Inclusionary is meant to facilitate trade and movement, such as the U.S.-Canada border
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Boundary disputes
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Conflicts over the location, size, and extent of borders between nations. There is conflict over where exactly the border is between the U.S. and Mexico, especially along the Rio Grande because the river has changed course and moved, and it is the traditional border.
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Buffer state
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a small neutral state between two rival powers
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Capital
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a seat of government
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Centrifugal
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tending to move away from a center, tending away from centralization, as of authority
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Centripetal
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tending to unify
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City-state
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a city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside
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Colonialism
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exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one
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Confederation
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the act of forming an alliance or confederation
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Conference of Berlin (1884)
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Regulated trade and colonization in Africa. It formalized the scramble to gain colonies in Africa and set up boundaries for each country's colonies
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Core/periphery
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as one region or state expands in economic prosperity, it must engulf regions nearby to ensure ongoing economic and political success
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Decolonization
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the action of changing from colonial to independent status
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Devolution
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the delegation of authority (especially from a central to a regional government)
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Domino theory
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the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control
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EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)
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As established in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a zone of exploitation extending 200 nautical miles (370km) seaward from a coastal state that has exclusive mineral and fishing rights over it.
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Electoral regions
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The different voting districts that make up local, state, and national regions.
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Enclave/exclave
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An enclave is a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country or wholly lying within the boundaries of another country (Lesotho). An exclave is a country which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory (Azerbaijan).
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Ethnic conflict
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type of conflict that occurs when different tribes are lumped together to form a country
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European Union
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an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members
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Federal
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any federal law-enforcement officer
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Forward capital
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capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention.
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Frontier
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an undeveloped field of study
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Geopolitics
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the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state
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Gerrymander
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an act of gerrymandering (dividing a voting area so as to give your own party an unfair advantage)
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Global commons
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Is that which no one person or state may own or control and which is central to life. A global common contains an infinite potential with regard to the understanding and advancement of the biology and society of all life. (Forests, oceans, land mass and cultural identity)
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Heartland/rimland
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Heartland is the central region of a country or continent; especially a region that is important to a country or to a culture. Rimland is the maritime fringe of a country or continent.
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Immigrant states
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a type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants. Popular because of their economy, political freedom, and opportunity. One example would be the USA.
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International organization
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an international alliance involving many different countries
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Iron Curtain
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an impenetrable barrier to communication or information especially as imposed by rigid censorship and secrecy
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Irredentism
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the doctrine that irredenta should be controlled by the country to which they are ethnically or historically related
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Israel/Palestine
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The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, or Arab-Israeli conflict, What makes this a particularly sensitive issue oftentimes, is due to the horrendous suffering the Jewish people suffered in (Christian) Europe during World War II, to the extent that (in the United States, anyway), any criticism of Israeli policies towards the Palestinian people and other Arabs, lends well to an automatic, unfavorable label of anti-Semetic. In the United States as well, the Jewish community is well established and has influence over many aspects of US foreign policy in the Middle East. In fact, some commentators suggest that US Zionism is more extreme that that seen in Israel itself sensitive issues that is discussed. The introduction section talks about the western involvement in the Middle East in general, that forms a backdrop to the situation between Palestine and Israel.
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Landlocked
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surrounded entirely or almost entirely by land
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Law of the Sea
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Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources.
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Lebanon
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an Asian republic at east end of Mediterranean
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Mackinder, Halford J.
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One of the founding fathers of Geopolitics
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Manifest destiny
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a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God)
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Median-line principle
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lines made to distribute water ways when states are within 200 miles of each other
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Microstate
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A state or territory that is small in both size and population.
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Ministate
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An imprecise term for a state or territory small in both population and area. An informal definition accepted by the United Nations suggests a maximum of 1 million population combined with a territory of less than 700km2 (270sq mi).
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Nation
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a politically organized body of people under a single government
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National iconography
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Figural representations, either individual or symbolic, religious or secular; more broadly, the art of representation by pictures or images, which may or may not have a symbolic as well as an apparent or superficial meaning
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Nation-state
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A country who's population share a common identity.
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Nunavut
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an Arctic territory in northern Canada created in 1999 and governed solely by the Inuit
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Raison d'être
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reason or justification for existing
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Reapportionment
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a new apportionment (especially a reallotment of congressional seats in the United States on the basis of census results)
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Regionalism
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loyalty to the interests of a particular region
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Religious conflict
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this is the conflicts between religions. One of these is Israel-Palestine. This consists of Roman Takeovers, Muslim conquests, and the crusades. This affects human geography because there has been a lot of bloodshed over Religious Conflict.
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Reunification
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the act of coming together again
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Satellite state
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Country controlled by a more powerful nation
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Self-determination
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the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will
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Shatterbelt
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a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War,...).
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Sovereignty
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government free from external control
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State
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the way something is with respect to its main attributes
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Stateless ethnic groups
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Groups with no state of inhabitance
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Stateless nation
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A nationality that is not represented by a state.
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Suffrage
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a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US constitution
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Supranationalism
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a venture involving 3 or more national states political economic or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives
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Territorial disputes
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Any dispute over land ownership
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Territorial morphology
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a State's physical shape.
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Territoriality
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the behavior of a male animal that defines and defends its territory
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Theocracy
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the belief in government by divine guidance
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Treaty ports
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Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality. (p. 685)
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UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)
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A code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles (22km) from shore and 200-nautical-mile-wide (370-km-wide) exclusive economic zones.
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Unitary
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characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is held by one central authority
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USSR collapse
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Dec 1, 1991, a vote for independence in the Ukraine ( the most powerful republic)
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Women's enfranchisement
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the right of voting when given to women
