question

Burgess developed the first urban land use model which depicts land use in

answer

concentric rings.

question

Who did not develop urban land use models

answer

Christaller.

question

Many barrier islands on the east coast of the United States are examples of what pattern of development?

answer

Linear.

question

The Township and Range pattern of land division in the United States created this type of land ownership pattern on the landscape?

answer

Geometric.

question

The Township and Range land division method helped to create what type of rural settlement pattern?

answer

Dispersed.

question

What is true of an edge city?

answer

It has a large amount of recently developed retail and office space.

question

Central place theory describes the

answer

spatial patterns of urban and outlying areas based on the flow of goods and services.

question

What aspect of the design of Brasilia, Canberra, and Washington, D.C., was different from the design of most other urban centers?

answer

They were designed as show places to reflect the power and wealth of their respective countries.

question

What model of urban structure depicts a commercial spine bordered by an elite residential sector extending outward from the central business district?

answer

Latin American city

question

Edge cities have been described as the "tenements of the information age" because these cities have

answer

many high-density townhouse developments designed for people working in nearby office buildings.

question

The sector model of city structure assumes that typical spatial behavior involves people commuting primarily

answer

in and out of downtown.

question

What describes a primate city?

answer

It is disproportionately large in relation to the next largest cities in that country.

question

What were not crucial to the emergence of the first cities

answer

separation of the ruling system and the religious system.

question

What is not a reason for the rise of suburban development in the 1950s

answer

better public transportation.

question

What region had the smallest percentage of people living in urban areas at the end of the twentieth century?

answer

South Asia

question

The development of high-speed rail lines, highways, and communications systems has created cities that seem to be apart from traditional central-place hierarchies because they have developed complementary functions. Which of the following is an example of these so-called network cities?

answer

Tokyo-Osaka-Nagasaki

question

What development is predicted by the von Thunen model of land use around cities?

answer

Large-scale growing of flowers and vegetables in the Netherlands

question

What area of the United States is known as a megalopolis?

answer

The Mid-Atlantic

question

In the past, many urban areas were viewed as "male spaces" becausewomen had comparatively few opportunities to

answer

find employment and buy property.

question

Today, city planners work to create healthy urban environments by designing neighborhoods and streets that allow residents to

answer

engage in regular exercise.

question

Urban political districts are often created by dividing a city using

answer

its natural physical boundaries.

question

In a futuristic version of Hoyt's sector model, low-income populationswould be most likely to live close to

answer

high-speed rail lines.

question

The gravity model, which can be used to calculate the bonds between different urban centers, assumes that two cities located close together

answer

would attract more people than two cities located far apart.

question

Residents of edge cities and suburban areas have long depended on automobiles and public transportation to access

answer

jobs in large cities.

question

A greenbelt policy encourages a city to curb the amount of construction on a city's edges to encourage growth in

answer

the city's core.

question

The political powers of a city council are typically outlined in

answer

the state's constitution.

question

In the United States, it has been demonstrated that a sudden influx of wealth into an urban ghetto typically leads to

answer

desegregation and economic development within the ghetto.

question

In many American cities, public transportation and emergency response services must be improved within the next 25 years primarily to serve

answer

the aging Baby Boomer population.

question

Landless residents of large cities often band together to address their concerns through political demonstrations that may later solidify into

answer

grassroots organizations.

question

When a city is not designed to be sustainable and eco-friendly, it has the potential to become

answer

an urban heat island.

question

The 1970s and 1980s departure of Caucasian middle- and high-income families from urban areas to outlying areas, termed "white flight," was characterized primarily as

answer

a racial movement.

question

Housing cooperatives present a unique housing option for many urban residents, as they are often

answer

democratically controlled and community-owned.

question

Opponents of automobile dependency in cities argue that traffic congestion creates a constant demand for

answer

bigger, more streamlined roads.

question

Cities must develop afford able urban housing and working spaces in order to encourage an increase in the number of

answer

arts and creative jobs.

question

Increasingly, residents of gated communities, both within cities and in suburbs are commonly recognized as having

answer

high incomes and elite lifestyles.

question

Many American cities developed unevenly between the Industrial Revolution and the late 1900s because developers and investors rejected city plans that allowed

answer

businesses and housing to be close together.

question

The concentric zone model provided a way for urban residents to gradually move up economically and socially by allowing them

answer

to migrate progressively away from the central business district.

question

In Harris and Ullman's multiple-nuclei model, a city could be understood as lacking a central business district if

answer

different industries were concentrated in one of the main city 's suburbs.

question

After World War II, the government of many European nations countered urban housing shortages by building

answer

subsidized housing blocks within the city.

question

Until recently, many transportation plans for urban areas failed to create space for environmentally friendly corridor transportation such as

answer

pedestrian walkways and bicycle paths.

question

As an urban neighborhood's socioeconomic status decreases, its residents are more likely to be denied the opportunity to

answer

enter into mortgages and receive home loans.

question

Studies in urban areas such as Washington, D.C., have indicated that when the number of high-wage jobs increases in the suburbs, the number of low-wage jobs is likely to rise

answer

in the central city.

question

Many of today's emerging megacities, such as Rio de Janeiro and Guangzhou, are actually not one distinct city but

answer

multiple cities that have merged.

question

In developing nations such as Egypt, large numbers of individuals leave rural areas on a seasonal basis mainly to find work in

answer

large cities.

question

Central place theory lost ground in the 20th century as city networks came to be seen as determining the importance of cities more than

answer

the size of the cities and less developed areas surrounding them.

question

An excellent example of a primate city that serves as the focus of a country and its culture is

answer

Copenhagen, Denmark.

question

Since the 1980s, there has been a trend to build suburbs and edge cities within the United States

answer

increasingly farther away from the central city.

question

In the city of Jerusalem, the concentric zone model can be modified to account for the presence of at least two central business districts for

answer

at least two di fferent ethnic and religious populations.

question

What was a global city in the Western world during the time of the Greek and Roman Empires?

answer

Alexandria, Egypt.

question

Christaller's central place theory, what provides a reason why a certain number of human settlements exist in an urban system, assumes that all consumers

answer

have the same income and shop in the same way.

question

The rank-size rule does not work when one considers the distribution of

answer

all of the cities in a given country.

question

The concentric zone model is portrayed as a series of rings, with the outermost ring being the

answer

commuter zone.

question

A city seeking to reenergize an inactive central business district should take steps to

answer

plan events that will increase the number of residents and visitors within the district.

question

In cities such as Chicago, individuals who take positions as members of a municipal council primarily engage in activities to

answer

make sure that the city government functions correctly.

question

During the 1950s, many urban American neighborhoods came to be segregated because of redlining, a practice engaged in by

answer

banks and other lending institutions.

question

In the sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, it is proposed that a city should grow outward from its center because

answer

major lines of transportation will carry commuters to outlying areas.

question

When a large city experiences a sudden spike in internal immigration, that is, citizens of that country begin flocking to the city, the population of the city is likely to include

answer

individuals who were formerly residents of rural areas and smaller cities.

question

Green building is a form of gentrification because it

answer

raises property values throughout a neighborhood.

question

During the Neolithic Revolution, the majority of cities originated in areas where the population was able to

answer

generate an agricultural surplus.

question

In Europe's Industrial Revolution, the rate of rural-urban migration increased as many members of which group left the fields for the factories?

answer

The peasants

question

The earliest cities appear to have developed from villages in which much of the population was already linked by

answer

complex kinship structures.

question

What is a likely result of a rapid rise in the rate of rural-urban migration?

answer

Overcrowding in urban areas

question

Many of the earliest cities grew rapidly because they were religious centers that attracted

answer

pilgrims and pilgrimages

question

Many political leaders in the earliest cities funded centralized administrations by taxes collected on

answer

the sale of agricultural harvests.

question

When rural-urban migration is a cycle rather than a flow, it is likely because rural residents must return to rural areas to

answer

raise agricultural crops.

question

A major problem facing modern megacities is

answer

air pollution.

question

Global cities such as New York and London are characterized as such primarily because they are home to

answer

international business centers.

question

In global cities, frequent displacement of minority populations with low incomes is often caused by the process of

answer

gentrification.

question

Suburbanization causes cities to lose populations to areas surrounding them, which leads to

answer

decentralization and urban sprawl.

question

A common violation of the rank-size rule occurs when the largest, or primate, city of a country is not much bigger than

answer

the smaller cities of a country.

question

Christaller's central place theory explains that settlements will form in a triangular hexagonal lattice, with the geometric shapes forming

answer

market areas.

question

Edge cities typically grow on the borders of large urban areas at points near

answer

major roads and airports.

question

The rank-size rule is a tool used by geographers but could also be considered a tool of applied

answer

mathematicians.

question

In central place theory, range, or the maximum distance a consumer will travel to buy a good, is proportional to

answer

the cost of obtaining the good.

question

The gravity model, used to predict flows of human activity between places, has been criticized for its inability to take into account

answer

the evolution of patterns

question

In a concentric zone model, the zones outside the core are sized according to

answer

what people will pay for the land.

question

The sector model, developed by Hoyt in the late 1930s, is accurate in explaining the growth of numerous industrial cities in

answer

Great Britain.

question

Geographers Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman developed their multiple-nuclei model during a time when many people began to use cars to navigate cities more easily. What decade was it?

answer

1940s

question

The simplest form of the gravity model looks at the interaction between

answer

two towns.

question

The multiple-nuclei model holds that a typical metropolitan area has multiple centers, one of what is the central business district (CBO) and the others of which are

answer

suburban downtowns.

question

As many cities discourage heavy industry from taking place within city limits, they work to motivate urban employers to increase the number of

answer

service jobs.

question

Job sprawl involves the migration of jobs out of the urban cores of cities and into

answer

the outermost rings surrounding cities.

question

Quantifying changes in population requires demographers to measure fertility, mortality, and migration, with the requirement that the migration be

answer

permanent or long lasting.

question

American cities experiencing deindustrialization have simultaneously been prone to an increase in

answer

ghettoization.

question

Public housing is typically defined as affordable housing offered to low income urban residents by

answer

local, state, and federal agencies.

question

Housing in edge cities is often meant to create a semi-rural fantasy space in what houses and gardens are typically

answer

well manicured and gated.

question

When a city's terrain is rugged and the city lacks basic infrastructure,what type of network offers the most flexibility for urban transportation?

answer

A grid of roads

question

Cities in areas that have a high chance of being affected by natural disasters are required to develop emergency transit plans to

answer

help urban residents evacuate in response to natural disasters.

question

What would be considered a primate city?

answer

Paris, France

question

What best describes the urban hierarchy of settlements?

answer

Hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis

question

The United Kingdom has established greenbelts around certain cities to prevent what?

answer

Urban sprawl

question

According Ullman and Harris's multiple nuclei model, what develops at the outskirts of core cities?

answer

Edge cities

question

What city were the concentric zone model and the sector model based on when they were developed in the early 20th century?

answer

Chicago

question

What do most cities in the developing world have in common?

answer

Urban areas are ringed by shantytowns.

question

The Pentagon in Washington, D.C., is a good example of a

answer

symbolic landscape.

question

What one characteristic links megacities?

answer

Each has a population of more than 10 million people.

question

Medieval cities in Europe usually had what characteristic in common?

answer

Protective walls

question

What statement would be the most accurate regarding the bid-rent theory?

answer

Land value is the highest in the central business district, and land value decreases with distance from the CBD.

question

Latin American cities have what common characteristic in the model developed by Dr. Larry Ford?

answer

A spine of high-class housing extending from the city center

question

Range and threshold are important to commercial establishments because

answer

the range determines the maximum distance that people are willingto travel to buy or enjoy something, while the threshold is the minimum number of customers needed for the business to survive.

question

A business such as a high-end department store with a high threshold would most likely be located where in the urban framework?

answer

Central business district

question

Homer Hoyt's sector model is based on what fundamental principle?

answer

Development is centered around transportation routes.

question

What is the illegal process by which real estate agents encourage the sale of homes because people of certain races have moved into a neighborhood?

answer

Blockbusting

question

What is the most noticeable geographic trend in the last thirty years with respect to the world's twenty most populated cities?

answer

Most of the twenty cities are now located in less developed countries.

question

The area in the urban setting with the highest land value, usually located within the central business district, is called what?

answer

Peak land value intersection

question

What world-class city is the best example of an entrepôt?

answer

Singapore

question

The first cities arose in

answer

hearths of early agriculture.

question

Some prominent Native American cities later became

answer

colonial cities.

question

The Industrial Revolution

answer

spawned vast manufacturing centers.

question

__________ is an important gateway city.

answer

Honolulu, Hawaii

question

During the Middle Ages, __________ dramatically slowed the growth of urban areas.

answer

feudalism

question

Classic __________ cities have narrow, winding streets, open-air markets, many dead-ends, and courtyards surrounded by high walls.

answer

Islamic

question

Architects and planners from the __________ strove to introduce beauty and impose order on chaotic industrial cities.

answer

City Beautiful movement

question

Modernist architecture

answer

stressed efficiency and geometrical order.

question

Asian, African, and South American cities

answer

contain many structural relics from colonialism.

question

Medieval European cities usually does not contain characteristics

answer

wide streets to accommodate large military troops.

question

Many Latin American cities conform more or less to the

answer

the sector model.

question

In cities like Baltimore, inner-city revitalization has transformed __________ into gentrified urban neighborhoods.

answer

ghettos

question

What city exemplifies an urban geography defined by railroads?

answer

Chicago

question

What best describes edge cities?

answer

They are located along freeways on the outskirts of major cities.

question

According to the central place theory,

answer

large cities serve as economic hubs.

question

The coastal southern California and northern Baja, Mexico region can be described as a

answer

megalopolis

question

What was NOT one of the main elements contributing to a city's legibility according to Kevin Lynch?

answer

Links

question

Action space consists of

answer

the space in which individual daily activity occurs.

question

Individual spatial behavior on a daily basis

answer

generally involves more shorter trips than longer trips, can be described as that individual's action space, and can be limited by transportation possibilities.

question

The least accessible locations within a city tend to be occupied by which land use?

answer

residential

question

The urbanization process is resulting in what region having the largest cities of the world?

answer

Asia and Africa

question

What is not a characteristic of women's urban social space :

answer

women tend to find employment in occupations that are more geographically concentrated than men's occupations.

question

What statement concerning the multiplier effect is correct?

answer

The size of the effect is determined by the city's basic/nonbasic ratio.

question

What are common features of cities in the developing world except:

answer

few of the large cities have modem centers of commerce.

question

Central places are so named because they:

answer

serve as nodal points for the distribution of goods and services to surrounding nonurban areas.

question

In the typical North American city, population densities are highest:

answer

just outside the central core of the city.

question

According to the rank-size rule, the third-ranked settlement will be what ratio to the size of the first-ranked settlement?

answer

1/3

question

What is not considered a major reason for the increase in America's homeless population?

answer

increases in soup kitchens, food banks, and shelters run by nonprofit groups

question

What statement concerning zoning is not correct?

answer

It is designed to segregate different populations from each other.

question

Urbanization emerges out of rural settlement patterns when:

answer

trade develops between two or more settlements.

question

In what world region would a primate city hierarchy most likely be found?

answer

Europe

question

What is not classified as a major urban region?

answer

Eastern Europe

question

In a city with a basic/nonbasic ratio of 1:2.5, an increase of 10,000 basic sector jobs would generate how many new total employees in the city?

answer

35,000

question

The urban differences among European countries are based upon:

answer

the length of time the country has been a nation.

question

According to urban hierarchy theory, in any country one should receive:

answer

few megalopolises.

question

At the beginning of this century only 13 metropolitan areas exceeded 1 million in population. By 1990, that figure exceeded:

answer

300

question

What statement best describes the site of a city?

answer

Pittsburgh is located at the confluence of the Ohio, Allegheny, and Monongahela Rivers.

question

What urban structures, which is the largest in areal extent?

answer

metropolitan area

question

A country whose urban system approximates rank-size ordering is:

answer

United States.

question

The characteristic that most distinguishes metropolises in developing countries from those in Western nations is the:

answer

transportation networks.

question

The greatest proportion of black segregation in the United States is found in the metropolitan areas of the:

answer

Midwest and Northeast.

question

A good indicator of social status is:

answer

number of persons per room per housing unit.

question

"A city which is compact, with relatively high buildings and population densities, and a sharp break between urban and rural land uses on the periphery" describes the:

answer

East European city.

question

The "traditional bazaar city" is characteristic of cities in what world region?

answer

South Asia

question

The process of settlement formation, expansion, and change is called

answer

urbanization.

question

Three categories sociologist Louis Wirth used to differentiate between urban and rural areas include

answer

high density, social heterogeneity, and large size.

question

The most practical definition for an urban area is

answer

the central city and its surrounding suburbs.

question

The United States Census Bureau establishes Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)

answer

to determine the geographical extent of influence for an urban area.

question

An urban settlement that has incorporated into an independent self-governing unit is a

answer

city.

question

What advantage does a city gain by legally incorporating?

answer

Authority to tax, Responsibility to provide essential services, and Ability to hold elections.

question

The physical qualities of the original location for a city is referred to as the

answer

site characteristics.

question

What is not typical site and/or situational characteristics for the establishment of a settlement

answer

the middle of a plain.

question

In ancient Southwest Asia cities politically acted as

answer

states.

question

Historically, urbanization reached its zenith during

answer

the Greco-Roman era.

question

Street patterns of Medieval European cities resembled

answer

a chaotic haphazard layout.

question

This city was built purely as an administrative and/or commercial center by European powers...

answer

New Delhi, Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City), and Hong Kong.

question

Industries during the 1800s located close to Central Business Districts (CBDs) because

answer

they needed to locate close to transportation lines.

question

Auto-centered cities emerged during the post World War II era is

answer

Southwestern United States.

question

During the Industrial Revolution, what factor contributed the most to rapid urbanization?

answer

The city was an economic pull.

question

What factor is responsible for explosive urban growth in the developing periphery?

answer

Lack of opportunity in rural areas, Difficulty of providing for one's family, and Real and/or perceived economic opportunity in cities.

question

According to Brian Berry, people who are a part of a "daily urban system", supported by functional regions connected to urban hubs by commuter links, have access to a plethora of services in

answer

more developed countries and the United States.

question

Choose the proper hierarchy of city types in the United States.

answer

World city, specialized producer service center, command and control center, dependent center.

question

Choose the proper hierarchy of cities on the West Coast of the United States.

answer

Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, San Jose, Sacramento, Santa Barbara.

question

What is the population of the fourth largest city in a country where the rank-size rule applies if the largest city is one million in population?

answer

250,000.

question

A primate city is

answer

when the largest city in a country is twice the size of the next largest city.

question

What concerns are there for a developing country if the rank-size rule does not apply?

answer

Services will not be evenly distributed through out the country, Smaller cities find it difficult to compete for services with the primate city, and People in rural areas and small cities feel compelled to migrate to the primate city for jobs.

question

As of 2013, the three most important cities in the world are

answer

New York, London, and Tokyo.

question

The two continents that have the most linkages between their world cities are

answer

North America and Europe.

question

The continent with the least number of world cities is

answer

Australia.

question

How has the composition of the world's top ten most populated cities changed since 1950?

answer

Least Developed Countries (LDCs) cities make up a larger percentage of the top ten.

question

What factor(s) have contributed to the rapid urbanization in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) since 1950?

answer

Cities provide opportunity for displaced rural residents and Explosive population growth has made it difficult for subsistence farmers to support their families.

question

What is not a major challenges confronting mega cities in Least Developed Countries (LDCs)

answer

lack of recreation facilities for inner city youth.

question

Challenges for mega cities in More Developed Countries (MDCs) include

answer

infrastructure maintenance, crime, and pollution.

question

The most urbanized region in the developing world is

answer

South America.

question

In the United States overlapping Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) eventually lead to conurbanaization or

answer

a megalopolis.

question

What is not major world megalopolises

answer

New Delehi to Mumbai.

question

Favelas are to Brazil as ________ are to Mexico.

answer

barrios

question

Squatter settlements in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) cities are usually located

answer

on the outskirts of the urban area.

question

From 1400-1700 many European powers established ___________ , which served as an entrance to or exit from a conquered area

answer

a gateway city

question

What geometric pattern is associated with Christaller's Central Place Theory?

answer

Hexagon.

question

What assumption(s) are in Christaller's Central Place Theory?

answer

Uniform soil fertility, Population and purchasing power would be evenly distributed, and Uniform transportation system in all directions.

question

Large cities are economic hubs with radiating connections for commerce according to

answer

Central Place Theory.

question

The minimum number of people needed to support a business is called the

answer

threshold.

question

The maximum distance a person is willing to travel to frequent a service is called the

answer

range.

question

Rank the following services from low to high order.

answer

Soft drink, bakery, shoe store, auto dealership.

question

The economic base of many cities in Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois is

answer

industry and manufacturing.

question

The economic base of many cities in the Rocky Mountain West includes

answer

mining and recreation and tourism.

question

The economic expansion or contraction due to the introduction or loss of a major employer in a particular location is called the

answer

the multiplier effect.

question

Cites significantly increased their population size in Europe and North America during the

answer

Industrial Revolution.

question

Geographically, cities expanded outwards prior to the automobile by growing

answer

along transportation lines.

question

What urban model best explains the spatial impact of automobiles and the construction of interstate highways on metropolitan areas in the United States?

answer

Peripheral Model.

question

What happened to inner city neighborhoods when many industries shifted geographic location to the suburbs after World War II?

answer

The housing stock deteriorated, Unemployment rates increased for inner city residents, and Business services declined for inner city residents.

question

How have industrially-based cities in the Northeastern United States attempted to combat the loss of jobs from the relocation of industries to suburbs and to Least Developed Countries (LDCs)?

answer

Develop health, research, and personal service sectors.

question

Rapid growth of cities in the Sunbelt of the United States took place after World War II because of

answer

widespread automobile ownership, environmental pull of warm winters, and non-unionized labor was an economic pull for businesses.

question

In what region of the United States have many cities been able to move up the urban hierarchy by increasing higher order goods and services due to explosive population growth?

answer

Sun Belt.

question

Various cities in North America have not used what strategy to revitalize their central business districts

answer

by building business parks.

question

When inner city neighborhood property values decline, owners of large older homes often subdivide the home into multiple units. This process is known as

answer

filtering.

question

Blockbusting in the 1950s often contributed to

answer

"white flight."

question

A bank would be engaging in ___________ if they would not grant mortgages to customers in certain neighborhoods or zip-codes.

answer

redlining

question

Young single recent college graduates who move into distressed inner city neighborhoods and refurbish their new residences would be an example of

answer

gentrification.

question

Who is most likely to move into revitalized urban downtown area neighborhoods?

answer

Young urban professionals (yuppies), Recent college graduates., and Double income no kids households (dinks).

question

One would expect to find a population pyramid with few senior citizens and people in the 25-29 age cohort in

answer

commuter's zone, bedroom communities, and dormitory towns.

question

This age cohort is well represented in upscale wealthy suburban communities.

answer

15-19, 40-44, and 49-50.

question

The economic base of many cities changed in the post-industrial era from

answer

industrial to consumer services, industrial to public services, and industrial to health services.

question

Due to the changing nature of a city's economic base in North America, what activities and land uses have declined in and around the Central Business District (CBD)?

answer

Residential, Major department stores, and Warehousing.

question

Bayside in Miami, Faneuil Hall in Boston, Riverwalk in San Antonio, and Pike Street Market in Seattle, all serve as

answer

festival market places.

question

Many cities in North America have designed and set aside areas where outdoor concerts, street performers, ethnic events, farmers markets, and cart vendors come together and act as a positive focal point economically and socially for urban life. This recent trend is often referred to as

answer

a festival market place.

question

Urban models attempt to explain

answer

why particular patterns exist in urban areas, why people are not randomly distributed throughout an urban area, and where people with particular characteristics live.

question

A city grows outward from a central location in a series of rings in the

answer

Concentric Zone Model.

question

According to the Burgess model, the housing stock is most deteriorated and a sizable percent of residents are immigrants in the

answer

zone of transition.

question

According to the Burgess Model of Urban Development, the outer most ring is the

answer

the commuter zone.

question

In Hoyt's Sector Model lower income neighborhoods are usually located

answer

adjacent to the industrial and transportation corridor.

question

What did Hoyt's research uncover regarding the highest social class district in a city?

answer

High-class residential areas don't change much over time.

question

Large cities develop many nodes around what different types of people and activities cluster. This describes the

answer

Multiple Nuclei Model.

question

In Chauncy Harris and Edward Ulman's Multiple Nuclei Model which of the following are nodes of activities?

answer

Hospital centers, Airport and transportation centers, and Central business district.

question

The major distinction between the multi nuclei and the peripheral model is that

answer

the peripheral model highlights the problems of sprawl and segregation, the peripheral model adds a beltway that circumnavigates the urban area, and the peripheral model incorporates edge cites.

question

The major advantage of the peripheral model over other urban models is the fact that it

answer

highlights the problems of sprawl and segregation.

question

The elite residential section in the Latin American Model is located

answer

on either side of the main boulevard that leads to the Central Business District (CBD).

question

What type of land use dominates on the periphery of the Latin American Model?

answer

Squatter settlements.

question

Grid street patterns are most typical for cities in

answer

North America.

question

Inside the wall of Medieval European cities street patterns is best described as

answer

chaotic with few streets meeting at right angles.

question

The land use pattern of auto-dominated cities is best characterized by

answer

sprawl.

question

Even though land use in North American Central Business Districts (CBDs) is characterized by skyscrapers and high-density uses, a sizable percentage of land is still devoted to

answer

automobiles.

question

What geographic advantages do mass transit systems such as subways and light rail have over automobiles?

answer

They use less land area in congested urban areas.

question

What factor(s) contributed to the proliferation of suburbs in America during the post World War II era?

answer

Federal government programs, Low-interest GI mortgage loans, and Demographic shifts.

question

When comparing urban models for North American and European cities, what is the difference between where high-class residential neighborhoods area located?

answer

In European cities they are located near the Central Business District (CBD) and Both have high-class residential areas adjacent to the main boulevard leading into the CBD.

question

Visually, the main difference between cities in North America and Europe is that there

answer

is a prevalence of skyscrapers in North American cities and are fewer skyscrapers in European cities.

question

Geographically, cities in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Europe both have

answer

the poor living along the outskirts of the city.

question

Mixed land use with high-density housing options located near light rail and subway stops is referred to as

answer

transit-orientated development.

question

Annexation is

answer

the process of a city legally adding more land.

question

Chicago incorporated land beyond its city limits to build O'Hare International Airport in the 1960s. This is an excellent example of

answer

flagpole annexation.

question

Political geography can make it more difficult for metropolitan governments to solve regionally based problems because

answer

competing municipalities often have conflicting interests, political boundaries make it difficult for regional governments to exercise authority, and each city has its own unique government.

question

What problems do metro area municipalities find it difficult to solve without regional governmental agencies?

answer

Traffic congestion, Solid waste disposal, and Affordable housing.

question

Government solutions that help solve regional metropolitan issues include

answer

establishing cooperative agencies , such as a council of governments, consolidations where governments share services, and altering political boundaries so city and county boundaries coincide

question

The "city beautiful movement" of the late 19th century was a response to

answer

excessive pollution during the industrial era, citizens' need for urban green spaces, and communities' need to have clean air.

question

The identification of blighted urban neighborhoods and the subsequent removal of residents and demolition of deteriorated buildings with the construction of new buildings, highways, and other large construction projects is commonly known as

answer

urban renewal.

question

Urban growth boundaries are most commonly associated with the movement known as

answer

smart growth.

question

The basic tenants of new urbanism doesn't include what

answer

wide streets with cul-de-sacs.

question

New urbanism is based upon land use trends from

answer

street-car suburbs of the 1920s.

question

Inner city neighborhoods doesn't face what challenge

answer

a lack of social and economic diversity.

question

Inner city challenges fall into three basic categories, which are

answer

economic, social, and physical.

question

In the last twenty years the most successful strategy to revitalize central business districts and inner city neighborhoods has been to

answer

construct more residences downtown.

question

Suburban developments suffer from

answer

a lack of diversity and social isolation.

question

Since the United States has become a suburban country, what part of suburbia is now experiencing many of the challenges faced by poor urban neighborhoods?

answer

Inner ring suburbs of the 1950s.

question

Unrestricted low-density development of residential and commercial activities over a large expanse of land is

answer

sprawl.

question

What is not negative environmental consequences of suburban sprawl

answer

increased green belts.

question

According to the classic bid-rent curve, what happens to the value of land as one gets closer to the Central Business District (CBD)?

answer

Land gets more expensive.

question

Potentially, how could gentrification of city neighborhoods alter the density gradient of an urban area?

answer

The density gradient might return to a pattern similar to the 1950s.

question

Since the 1950s, most North American metropolitan areas have

answer

continued to expand farther out from the Central Business District (CBD), experienced increased population density in the inner ring of suburbs, and experienced a significant change in the density gradient.

question

Edge cites typically develop in major metropolitan areas

answer

at the intersection of interstate highways.

question

What doesn't describe edge cites

answer

they make it easier for traffic planners to design mass transit systems.

question

The recent trend of metropolitan residents moving to rural areas and small towns is referred to as

answer

counterurbanization.

question

Since London, England is a primate city, planners attempted to slow down the growth of greater London by

answer

creating a greenbelt around the city.

question

Housing developers primarily purchase land for new projects that is not adjacent to the continuously built up urban area, because

answer

the land is less expensive.

question

Urban and/or suburban gated-communities

answer

reduce crime, increase property values, and create a space of safety.

question

According to the bid-rent curve, land decreases in value as one gets farther from the CBD. What accounts for major spikes in land values along the bid-rent curve?

answer

Intersections of major roads far from the Central Business District (CBD) can dramatically increase land values.

question

The strongest pull factor for the creative class is

answer

environmental.

question

Social Area Analysis analyzes demographic characteristics at the

answer

census tract or block level.

question

The three largest metropolitan areas in Canada in descending order are

answer

Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.

question

The largest French speaking metropolitan area in Canada is

answer

Montreal.

question

The gravity model when applied to urbanization reveals that

answer

the two largest cities in a country will have the most interaction between them.

question

From an environmental perspective, new urbanism helps to

answer

reduce automobile trips, reduce air pollution, and save open space.

question

Urban sprawl is responsible for

answer

loss of biodiversity, loss of open space, and increasing vehicle miles driven.

question

What urban planning methods reduce environmental impacts?

answer

New urbanism, Transit oriented development, and In-fill of brown fields.

question

The transition of a low-income neighborhood to a wealthier neighborhood over time is an example of

answer

gentrification.

question

In many major metropolitan areas dying or abandoned shopping malls can often be found

answer

in the first ring of suburbs built in the 1950s and 1960s.

question

A clustering of tall office buildings, shopping malls, and apartment complexes at the intersection of major interstate highways is called

answer

edge cities.

question

In hopes of slowing down the growth of the London metropolitan area, government officials created

answer

a greenbelt.

question

What is not elements of Transit Oriented Development (T.O.D.)

answer

increasing surface parking spaces.

question

The area of the city where retail and office activities historically were clustered was the

answer

central business district.

question

European CBDs are similar to those in North America because they both contain

answer

retail and office activities.

question

Retail activities which tend to concentrate in the CBD include those which have

answer

service for office workers.

question

The CBD attracts offices primarily because of its

answer

high accessibility.

question

Land values are high in the CBD primarily because of

answer

competition for limited space.

question

As a result of high land costs, the American CBD is characterized by

answer

construction of skyscrapers.

question

The Central Business District is

answer

attractive to consumer and business services for its accessibility and less important for retail because of changing shopping habits.

question

What activity tends to locate on the street-level floor of a skyscraper in a typical North American CBD?

answer

retail

question

A land use typically excluded from a North American CBD is

answer

industrial.

question

An example of the "vertical geography" of a CBD is

answer

a barber shop on the bottom floor of a building, an accounting firm occupying the middle floor, and a group of condos on the top floor.

question

The zone in transition in U.S. cities typically contains which of the following?

answer

warehouses, gentrified buildings, and public housing

question

According to the concentric zone model, a city develops in a series of

answer

rings.

question

Chicago is a good location in which to develop urban models because it is located

answer

on a flat prairie.

question

According to the sector model, the best housing is located in

answer

a corridor from downtown to the edge of the city.

question

According to the multiple nuclei model, an airport is likely to attract nearby

answer

industries.

question

Social area analysis attempts to explain

answer

the distribution of different types of people in an urban area.

question

The multiple nuclei theory best explains why different neighborhoods of a city attract people of different

answer

ethnic origin.

question

All three models of urban structure

answer

help explain where different types of people live in an urban area, help explain why people live where they do in cities, and depend on the use of data, like that of the US Census.

question

Higher income people tend to not live near the center of the city in what region?

answer

North America

question

A key piece of information that marketing geographers use to create segments is

answer

multiple nuclei maps, obtained through the use of social area analysis and socio-economic data from the census.

question

Ramshackle houses on the periphery of cities in less developed countries are known as

answer

squatter settlements.

question

Compared to the United States, poor families in European cities are more likely to be

answer

clustered in suburbs.

question

The wide boulevards built in cities in less developed countries were most likely built during what era?

answer

colonial

question

When the models of urban structure developed in Chicago are applied to Rio de Janeiro, one conclusion is that

answer

the poorest people are located in different areas.

question

The process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment, is

answer

filtering.

question

Housing deterioration can occur when

answer

the rent a landlord collects becomes less than the needed maintenance costs and banks engage in redlining to ensure money isn't lent in a particular area.

question

A process by which banks designate an area within which they refuse to lend money for improvements is

answer

redlining.

question

Public housing is

answer

low-income government-owned housing.

question

Gentrification doesn't

answer

stagnates the change in a city's ethnic patterns, allows lower income families to remain in their homes through public subsidies, and occurs because lower income families are no longer attracted to deteriorated housing.

question

A process of converting a neighborhood from low-income to middle-class is

answer

gentrification.

question

According to U.S. law, when a family is forced by a city to relocate

answer

moving expenses and rent increases are paid by the government.

question

The underclass is characterized in part by high rates of

answer

drug addiction.

question

U.S. inner cities face fiscal problems because

answer

low-income people are concentrated there.

question

In U.S. cities, the underclass is

answer

clustered in inner-city neighborhoods.

question

Compared to whites, African Americans in U.S. cities are more likely to be

answer

clustered in inner-city neighborhoods.

question

To deal with the financial problems in some areas of the cities, American city governments

answer

reduce services.

question

A recent change in the density gradient has been

answer

a reduction in the differences in densities found within an urban area.

question

Compared to the United Kingdom, the amount of sprawl in the United States is

answer

greater.

question

Because so few people live in the CBD, urban areas are characterized by a high degree of

answer

commuting.

question

The process of legally adding land area to a city in the United States is

answer

annexation.

question

The city plus its surrounding built-up suburbs is the

answer

urbanized area.

question

In the United States, which of the following definitions of a city covers the largest land area?

answer

metropolitan statistical area

question

Metropolitan Statistical Areas

answer

have populations of at least 50,000.

question

Megalopolis refers to

answer

adjacent, overlapping Metropolitan Statistical Areas.

question

Sprawl is the

answer

development of new housing sites not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

question

British cities are surrounded by open space known as

answer

greenbelts.

question

Public transportation is better suited for commuting to the CBD primarily because

answer

each traveler takes up less space.

question

A council of government

answer

can include consolidations of city and county government and federations and is used for planning that various local governments cannot logically do.

question

The purpose of busing in many U.S. suburbs is to

answer

promote racially integrated schools.

question

The corridor that stretches from Boston to Washington DC, called Megalopolis

answer

was named by geographer Jean Gottmann.

question

A legal form of segregation in U.S. cities is achieved through

answer

zoning.

question

People are attracted to suburbs in part because suburbs are characterized by

answer

private land surrounding the house.

question

The largest percentage of the U.S. population lives in

answer

suburbs.

question

The density gradient

answer

usually shows a diminishing number of houses per unit of land as the distance from the city center increases, shows a gap in center cities due to the changing pattern of where people live in recent years, and now shows a reduction in the extremes of density between inner and outer areas found within cities.

question

The largest number of trips are made for

answer

work.

question

Public transportation

answer

declined from 23 billion trips per year in 1940 to 10 billion in 2006.

question

The U.S. government has encouraged the use of cars in part by

answer

building interstate highways.

question

Compared to the private automobile, public transportation offers more

answer

energy efficiency.

question

The major exception to the decline in public transit is (the)

answer

rapid transit.

question

Public transit is more extensive in Western European cities than in the United States primarily because

answer

European governments subsidize public transit.

question

In recent years, urban residents are more likely to shop in

answer

suburban malls.

question

The attractions of shopping malls include all but which of the following?

answer

walking distance from homes

question

Factories have moved to suburban locations in part because of

answer

access to main highways.

question

Some employees of suburban businesses may suffer hardships because they do not

answer

own automobiles.

question

Land is more intensively used in the center of the city than elsewhere.

answer

True

question

In general, higher status families in the US are more likely to live farther away from a city center while lower status people tend to live closer to the city center.

answer

True

question

Relatively wealthy individuals live in the center of most cities in the world outside of North America.

answer

True

question

Cities in less developed countries have eliminated most signs of European colonial rule.

answer

False

question

One should be careful when attempting to apply the three models of urban structure outside of the United States because those in other countries may have different reasons for selecting neighborhoods.

answer

True

question

Public housing comprises a large percentage of housing in Britain but only a small percentage in the United States.

answer

True

question

Public housing accounts for approximately 10% of all dwellings in the United States, whereas in the United Kingdom it is as high as 14%.

answer

False

question

The future health of urban areas depends on relieving traffic congestion by increasing road capacity and increasing the demand for people to visit, work and live in urban areas.

answer

False

question

The density gradient in American and European cities is becoming flatter.

answer

True

question

Housing in suburbs is typically built for people in a single social class, often excluding others through cost, size, or location of the housing.

answer

True

question

While public transportation ridership has declined in the United States, a number of cities have invested in new public transportation systems.

answer

True

question

Suburban sprawl has resulted in the loss of most of the prime agricultural land in the United States.

answer

False

question

The supply of land for new housing is more severely restricted outside European cities than U.S. cities.

answer

True

question

A central city and its contiguous built-up suburbs is called a metropolitan statistical area.

answer

False

question

The basic building block for MSAs is the county, because of the ease of obtaining data.

answer

True

question

Most urban residents in the United States live in central cities rather than suburbs.

answer

False

question

If a country follows the rank-size rule, if the largest city has 1,000,000 inhabitants, how many people live in the fifth largest city?

answer

200,000

question

If a country's largest city has 1,000,000 inhabitants and the second largest city has 200,000 inhabitants, the country follows what distribution?

answer

primate city

question

Why is the absence of a rank-size distribution significant in a country like Romania?

answer

Consumers do not all have access to goods and services.

question

In a country with a primate city

answer

the largest city is more than twice as large than the second largest city and goods and services may not be evenly distributed throughout the country.

question

The hierarchical organization of settlements by size is known as the

answer

rank-size rule.

question

A primate city is

answer

at least twice as large as the next smaller city.

question

A central place is a

answer

market center.

question

What is a basic economic activity?

answer

steel mill

question

A firm that sells its products primarily to consumers outside its settlement is a

answer

basic industry.

question

Attracting a new basic industry is important to a community, primarily because it

answer

stimulates new nonbasic industries.

question

One of the most important basic activities in the southern Great Lakes region is

answer

manufacturing of durable goods.

question

World cities are defined by

answer

the number and type of business services found there.

question

LDCs specialize in what two types of business services?

answer

offshore financial and back office

question

Defining cities based on business services found in each gives the ordered hierarchy of

answer

world cities, command and control centers, specialized producer-service centers, and dependent centers.

question

Two major benefits many LDCs offer in the financial services sector are

answer

tax breaks and privacy.

question

What factors determine where back office services will locate in LDCs?

answer

low wage rates and workers who can speak English

question

A ________ is an example of a settlement that specializes in public services.

answer

state capital

question

What technical development has allowed back office services to relocate to LDCs?

answer

telecommunications

question

Richard Florida's research identified a relationship between the distribution of

answer

talent and diversity.

question

Settlements hold nearly all the Earth's population but cover only about 1 percent of its surface.

answer

True

question

Between 1972 and 2009 growth in employment in the United States has come from the Primary and Secondary sectors, while the tertiary sector has declined.

answer

False

question

Rapid urbanization continues today in the more developed countries.

answer

False

question

Urban population world wide exceeded rural settlement population for the first time in 2008.

answer

True

question

People who live in rural settlements are more likely to engage in secondary sector economic activities.

answer

False

question

The population of the world is roughly split in half between urban and rural settlements.

answer

True

question

Linear settlement patterns were brought to North America by the French.

answer

True

question

The colonial New England rural settlement pattern was clustered.

answer

True

question

Cities grew rapidly in Europe immediately after the collapse of the Roman Empire.

answer

False

question

None of the world's ten most populous urban areas is located in Europe.

answer

True

question

Most inhabitants of developing countries live in urban areas.

answer

False

question

According to Louis Wirth, cities differ from rural areas in being larger, more dense, and more socially homogeneous.

answer

False

question

When determining the market threshold, there is no need to determine what is being sold.

answer

False

question

The frequency of periodic markets varies by culture.

answer

True

question

Copenhagen and London are primate cities even though they are located in more developed countries.

answer

True

question

According to the rank-size rule, if the largest city in a country contains 1,000,000 inhabitants, the fifth largest city should contain 200,000 inhabitants.

answer

True

question

The threshold of a service is the maximum distance that most of the customers are willing to travel.

answer

False

question

Business services are more likely to cluster in specialized business-service centers than in world cities or regional command and control centers.

answer

False

question

Transportation and communication improvements have served to reduce the need for the clustering of services in world cities.

answer

False

question

A community's economic structure is comprised of its basic industries.

answer

True

question

According to the gravity model, which two places are most likely to have a high level of interaction?

answer

Two cities, one with a large population and the other with a medium population, that are very close in distance, like Seattle and Tacoma, Washington

question

What best describes the site of Manhattan?

answer

An island bordered by the Hudson and East Rivers

question

What best describes the site of Mexico City?

answer

A highland valley and dry lakebed located on a high plateau in southern central Mexico

question

The German geographer who developed Central Place Theory was

answer

Christaller.

question

The notable geographer(s) who developed the multiple nuclei model of urban development was

answer

Harris and Ullman.

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