AP European History Unit 1 – Flashcards
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Peter Parler 1330-1339
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Greatest architect of 14th century
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Emperor Charless VI 1347-1378
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hired Parler for the creation of the Bohemian capital
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Golden Bull
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edict of Emperor Charles VI in 1356--recognizing that German Princes and Kings were autonomous rulers
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Hundred Years War
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1337-1452 series of military engagements between England and France--over territorial and dynastic rivalries
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Edward III
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claimed "King" of France in 1340
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Phillip VI
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cousin of the King, ruled through 16th Century
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Flemish Cloth
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-large wool industry -England--major supplier -Flanders want major independence from french control
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Chivalry
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ideal of kinghthood, most notably fighting that spread from Northeaster France across Europe in high middle ages
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Long - Bow
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more penetrating than the crossbow---shoot from further distances
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Agincourt
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last significant English victory
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Pillage and Plunder
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theives
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Charles VII 1422-1461
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got Joan of Arc
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Joan Of Arc 1412-1431
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illiterate, but deeply religious girl, helped save her country -- burned at the stake
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Gunpowder
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French had this new tool to defeat the English
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War of Roses
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struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII
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Tudors
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dynasty founded by Henry VII; includes some of England's most influential monarchs
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Dance With Death
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commonly referred to on posters--naked,rotting corpses dancing in front of the living
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Flagellants
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self inflicted pain--believed that if this was done you wouldnt get the black death
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Giovanni Boccacio 1313-1375
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wrote the Decameron-- which was very graphic
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The Plague Of Insurrection
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the plague brought higher wages, and more food because everyone else was gone !
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The Jacquerie 1358
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Revolt from the peasants-named after Jacques Bonnehomme - archetypal French peasant
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Etienne Marcel 1316-1358
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wealthy parisan cloth merchant--led uprising of parisan merchants--they wanted control of royal finances
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English Peasant Revolt
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1381. English peasant revolt protesting the attempted passage of a flat tax by Richard II. Led by Wat Tylar and John Bell. The tax is eventually repealed, though many peasants are arrested (most are pardoned).
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Ciompi
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Florence 1378 wool workers in Florence's most prominent industry who revolted in 1378, some rights won but were taken back by 1392
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Hanseatic League
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commercial and political alliance of Northern German towns established in late 14th C to monopoly grain and fish trade
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`Addressing Poverty and Crime
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dealing with the even growling poverty #1 public space
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confraternities
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religious organizations of lay people and clergy who ministered the sick and poor
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Hospitals
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all purpose religious instituitions providiing lodging for : pilgrims, elderly and ill
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Pest Houses
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used for black death patients, to be isolated
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Execution
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unlawful premeditated killing of a human being by a human being
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Executioners
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hired to publicly execute "kill"a person or persons
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Pope Boniface VII
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pope who said that the king, Philip IV of France, must obey the pope; imprisoned by the king, but rescued
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Unam Sanctum
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Document written by Pope Boniface that states ultimate authority over the church and people's salvation
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Avignon Papacy
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The period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome--Popes made their income higher
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Indulgences
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Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.--get out of hell free card
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Great Schism
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A period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office
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Conciliarism
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idea that council could end the Schism--both Popes denied it
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Council Of Pisa
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In 1408, a council with bishops representing both popes met and elected a new pope, deposing both of the popes they represented. Neither former pope, however, would accept this new rival. Thus, the problem was not solved.
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Council Of Constance
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goal: not only end schism but reform the church to prevent a recurence--elect Sigismund 1410-1437
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Witch Hammer
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a book that was published, made the "witch crave" happen
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Inquisition
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group of instituitions with justice system with justice system- aimed to fight against heretics
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Imition Of Christ
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book of spiritual direction- still widely read after the bible
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John Wycliffe 1330-1384
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oxford theologian, -A priest and professor at Oxford. -He challenged a number of church practices and tried to reform the priesthood because it was corrupt. -Argued that indulgences were useless and attacked the church for its wealth and luxury. -He had the protection of the King.
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Lollards
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followers of John Wycliffe
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Jan Hus 1373-1415
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leading proponet of Wycliffes teachings in Prague
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William of Ockham 1300-1349
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dedicated Spiritual Francaism of radical poverty-led to his excommunication by Pope John XXII
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Nominalism
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(philosophy) the doctrine that the various objects labeled by the same term have nothing in common but their name
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Vernacular Literature
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LIterature not in Latin, used to make statements. Authors became critical of society and its values, and used their vernacular writing to express this.
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Dante Alighieri
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an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)
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Francisco Petrarch 1304-1374
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-Father of humanism -celebrated ancient Rome -Classical & Christian values intermingled in his work -Teacher and friend of Giovanni Boccaccio
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The Divine Comedy
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view of the whole Christian universe from Dante's day
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Geoffrey Chaucer 1343 -1400
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"Father of English Poetry" -Iambic Pantameter, rhymed couplet -Wrote in vernacular (Middle English) Expert in characterization and Satire
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Renaissance
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Re-birth
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Florence
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dominant city in the region of Tuscany -banking -cloth/textile
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Masaccio
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He used light and dark imagery to illustrate different feelings and emotions
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Boticelli
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-Greek Mythology -
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Donatello
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translated classical styles into more naturalistic forms ( flowing robes )
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Brunelleschi
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challenged the principal of gothic architecture -- dome
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Leonardo Da Vinci
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master at everything -artist -scientist -sculptor -engineer -inventor :Last Supper 1498 :Mona Lisa 1503
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Michaelangelo
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sculpted David in 1504 -painted the systine chapel *wanted to be known for sculpting
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Francesca
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unity in his paintings -portraits
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Raphael
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Madonnas -art is known for visual achievements
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Alberti
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scholar, writer, artist 1404-1472
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Linear Perspective
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technique applying principles of geometry to create the illusion of depth and dimension
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Humanism
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the doctrine that people's duty is to promote human welfare
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Leonardo Bruni
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1. First to use the term "humanism" 2. Among the most important of the civic humanists 3. Served as a chancellor in Florence 4. Wrote a history of Florence, perhaps the first modern history, and wrote a narrative using primary source documents and the division of historical periods
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Philology
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the art of language -rhetoric -expression
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Lorenzo Valla
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very influential humanist
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Civic Humanism
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humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society
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Leon Battista Alberti
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Italian architect and painter
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Baldesar Castiglione
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writer- The Cartier- etiquette book describing the perfect servant
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Niccoio Machiavelli
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foundation for realistic 16th century -NO renaissance work has been more crucial
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The Prince
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vivid prose "men must be pampered or crushed"
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Chiaroseuro
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the contrasting of light and darkness
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Sfumato
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shading
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City State
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self-governing political units centered upon an urban area
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Medicis
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powerful family--, an important family of bankers in Florence, Italy who controlled Florence and used their wealth to support artists and scientists.and hire popes
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Peace of Lodi
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established 2 blanced alliances -Florence and Milan -Venice and Naples *didnt bring peace
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Mehmed II
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conquered constantinople and athens and threatened rome
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The Wars of Italy
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started when Naples, Florence and Papal States united against Milan
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Caravels
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- Hybrid Ships -Chinese, Europeans, and Chinese had them -ideal for ocean travel- can travel with whatever wind
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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sent voyages to africa -had cartographers, ship builders, sailors, and scientists with him on board - accumulated detailed accounts of voyages
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Bartolomeau Dias
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portugese navigator *cape of good hope -hit the tip of Africa and went back
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Vasco de Gama
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rounded the "cape of good hope" -sailors died of scurvy, mal-nutrition -journey took 2 years -spices he brought back were worth $$
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Slave Trade
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muslims and portugese wanted Africans -sold them for money -used for work
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Alfonso de Albuquerque
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portugese general -conquered ports in middle east -get and protect ships
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Christopher Columbus
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sailed the ocean blue in 1492 -discovered new world -wanted to do it for portugal, they didnt want him to -so he went to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain - Landed in bahamas - Nina Pinta Santa Monica - his ships
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Mundus Novos
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New World
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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confirmed portugals right to eastern route to indies-- and any undiscovered land east of imaginary line west of cape verde - pope alexander VI set a line of demarcation dividing non-euro world into 2 zones
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Vasco Nunez De Balboa
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crossed land passage in panama ---first euro to see pacific ocean
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Ferdinand Magellan
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set off in 1519 ---fought mutiny,storms and tropical heat ------goal:to reach spice lands by sailing westward
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Columbian Exchange
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when english explorers met the native americans---exchanged knowledge, disease (syphilis) and ideas
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Hernando Cortes
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conquerer--looked for gold ----convert natives to christianity -------gain measure to profit from venture ---------------brought syphilis to europe -------------------conquered aztecs-killed many of them
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Conquistadores
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"conquerers" spanish adventures
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Francisco Pizarro
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wiped out peruvians --1531 conquered peruvian empire
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GOD GLORY GOLD
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motives for European explorers --Gold-spices ----God-missionary to convert other>catholic -------Glory-discover new world
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Lusiads
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ones of the greatest work of portugese literature
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Bartolone De Las Lasas
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championed the cause of the native inhabitants at the court of the spanish kings
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Indonesia
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Spice Islands
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Astrolobe-
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navigation tool to determine their latitude at sea
