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Nicholas II

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Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.

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Alexandra

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Last Tsarist of Russia, had a son who was a hemophiliac, and was put under the influence of Rasputin, where he exploited her. Ended up causing the collapse of the Tsars

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Grigori Rasputin

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a Siberian preacher who became friends of the Tsars, but hated by the public, twisted and cheated and exploited Alexandra.

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Alexander Kerensky

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An agrarian socialist who became prime minister. He refused to confiscate land holdings and felt that continuation of war was most important.

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Anton Denikin

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Lieutenant General of the Imperial Russian Army and foremost general for the White Russians in the Russian civil war.

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Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)

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opponent of Tsarist Russia, began to immerse himself in Marxian socialist ideas as a law student. He then went on to form the Bolsheviks, and tried to start a revolution in July 1917. It failed, he went into hiding, but regrouped in Petrograd, where he and his partner Trotsky gained power. He then moved on government buildings, and was declared the head of the new Bolshevik government.

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Leon Trotsky

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Supporter of Lenin who helped in the takeover of Petrograd and the Bolshevik revolution

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Nikolai Bukharin

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Bolshevik revolutionary and political and intellectual thinker for Stalin. Supported the NEP

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Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin)

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Dictator of Russia, named man of steel. Was of lowly backgrounds but rose to power. Only in it for himself. Created 5 year plans.

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Sergei Kirov

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A Political opponent of Stalin's who was executed for being more popular that Stalin

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Benito Mussolini

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Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

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Victor Emmanuel III

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King of Italy who gave Mussolini legitimacy as dictator

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Heinrich Brüning

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The German chancellor during the Weimar Republic who convinced the president to accept rule by decree

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Adolf Hitler

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Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

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Karl Lueger

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Mayor of Vienna whom Hitler idolized

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Hermann Göring

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A Nazi politician and president of the Reichstag

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Rudolf Hess

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Deputy to Hitler in the Nazi party person who dictated Mein Kampf

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Joseph Goebbels

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Chief minister of the Nazi propaganda, and organizer of Kristallnacht

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Paul von Hindenburg

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President of the Weimar Republic of Germany who appointed Hitler Chancellor in 1933

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Franz von Papen

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Chancellor of Germany who succeeded Bruning

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Heinrich Himmler

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Inhumane and cruel leader of the SS in Germany, appointed by Hitler

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Neville Chamberlain

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Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement

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Francisco Franco

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Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini

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Antonio de Oliveira Salzar

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served as the Prime Minister and dictator of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. He founded and led the Estado Novo (\"New State\"), the authoritarian, right-wing government that presided over and controlled Portugal from 1932 to 1974.

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Josef Pilsudaski

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was the authoritarian ruler of the Second Polish Republic. From mid-World War I he was a major influence in Poland's politics, and an important figure on the broader European political scene. He is considered largely responsible for Poland regaining independence in 1918, after a hundred and twenty-three years of partitions

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Béla Kun

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was a Hungarian Communist politician who ruled Hungary as leader of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919

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Elie Halévy

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was a French philosopher and historian who wrote Era of Tyrannies, which talked about the different kinds of government and how they all stemmed out of nature of modern war.

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Henri-Philippe Pétain

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French leader of the Vichy republic of France, which was essentially Nazi France. He is seen as a traitor to his people by some Frenchman.

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Reasons for Russian weakness

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These were the reasons of bad leadership, and lack of organized or effective army

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Duma

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Russia's lower house of politics

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Relationship between Alexandra & Rasputin / Rasputin's assassination

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He used her to gain politically and to gain money for sex and drugs. He was then \"assassinated\" aka tried to be killed something like 8 times, then thrown in a river.

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Russian (March) Revolution/ Provisional Government

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The revolution of the unplanned overthrowing of the Tsarist government, and the government that followed the revolution.

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Petrograd Soviet

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the political party with whom the Provisional Government had to share power with

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Army Order Number 1

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Given by the Provisional Government, this stripped the army officers of power, and placed it in hand of elected committees. This collapsed army discipline

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Bolsheviks/Mensheviks

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The two rival communists groups. One weree true revolutionary Marxists, and the other were revisionist socialists.

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Bolshevik (October) Revolution

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Replaces the Provisional Government with Lenin's forces

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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

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Document that announced the withdrawal of Russia from WWI

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\"White\" forces

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The opposition to the Bolsheviks and the Red army after the October rebellion and the Russian Revolution

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Reasons for Bolshevik victory

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Three reasons anarchy was about and any person could create power; the Bolsheviks had better leaders; the Bolsheviks appealed to many workers

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War Communism

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The political idea that applied the total war concept on a civil conflict

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Cheka

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The old Tsarist secret police

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Totalitarianism

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is a concept used to describe political systems whereby a state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private life. These regimes or movements maintain themselves in political power by means of an official all-embracing ideology and propaganda disseminated through the state-controlled mass media, a single party that controls the state, personality cults, control over the economy, regulation and restriction of free discussion and criticism, the use of mass surveillance, and widespread use of state terrorism. These states always have to be at war with something

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Conservative Authoritarianism

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Traditional form of antidemocratic government

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Radical Dictatorships

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leaders who violently rejected parliamentary restraint and liberal values, as well as exercised unprecedented control over masses and sought to mobilize them for war.

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Kronstadt Rebels

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Unsuccessful uprising of sailors, soldiers, and civilians against Russian government (against Bolsheviks)

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New Economic Policy

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Lenin's economy reform that re-established economic freedom in an attempt to build agriculture and industry

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Stalin's rise

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He was totally focused on himself, double and tripled crossed, rose by gaining support of party

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Five Year plans - objectives, methods & success

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Objectives were to increase industrial output by 250% and agriculture output by 150% and have 1/5 of Russian peasants on collective farms. The methods were forced farming and scare tactics like gulags. The success was that of industry, which produced 4 times as much as before

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Soviet quality of life

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Life was hard, there was no improvement in the average standard of living, but unemployment was unknown and communism had real appeal

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Collectivization

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Putting smaller farms together into one large farm so as to increase productivity

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Kulaks

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The well off peasants who were starved or shipped to the gulags

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Ukrainian Famine

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The forced famine of Ukraine by Stalin over not producing enough grain

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Stalinization of culture

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The acceptance of Stalin though propaganda

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Great Purges

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Stalin's mass systemic murder of millions to instill fear and to have someone to fight against

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\"Socialism in one country\"

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Idea that the Soviet Union had the ability to build socialism on its own

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Women in totalitarian states

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They were given more rights and had complete equality of rights

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Comintern

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was an international Communist organization founded in Moscow in March 1919. The International intended to fight \"by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State.\"

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Fascism

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is a radical, authoritarian nationalist ideology that aims to create a single-party state with a government led by a dictator who seeks national unity and development by requiring individuals to subordinate self-interest to the collective interest of the nation or race.

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Mussolini's Rise - role of Black Shirts

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These were Mussolini's bullies who pushed socialist out of Northern Italy

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Lateran Agreement

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In this, Mussolini recognized the Vatican as an independent state, and gave it heavy financial support

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Hitler's Rise

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Gained power through feeding off others, and promoting racist nationalist ideals. Gained control of the German Worker's Party, built his way up from there

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Beer Hall Putsch

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An armed uprising in Munich of maybe 50 people at most, crushed, Hitler's idea

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Mein Kampf

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Hitler's book in which he outlined his ideas on race, living space, and the Fuhrer

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Hitler's goals

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He wanted to declare the superiority of Aryan race, create more living space for them, and make himself eternal supreme dictator for life

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Lebensraum

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(German for \"habitat\" or literally \"living space\") served as a major motivation for Nazi Germany's territorial aggression. In his book Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler detailed his belief that the German people needed Lebensraum (for a Grossdeutschland, land, and raw materials), and that it should be taken in the East. It was the stated policy of the Nazis to kill, deport, Germanize or enslave the Polish, and later also Russian and other Slavic populations, and to repopulate the land with reinrassig Germanic peoples. The entire urban population was to be exterminated by starvation, thus creating an agricultural surplus to feed Germany and allowing their replacement by a German upper class.

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Nazi racial theories

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Felt that Aryan white people were most superior, Scandinavian were 2nd best, French were 3rd, and the slavs, jews, and pretty much the rest were the worst

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Reichstag fire & fallout

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Hitler used this to launch his dictatorship and used this to give him power. It was a fire of a capital building

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Enabling Act

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Gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for 4 years

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Nuremburg Laws

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Laws that classified a jew as someone having one or more jewish grandparent

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Kristallnacht

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A night of violence and vandalism against Jews

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Hitler's Popularity - how popular & why

answer

Hitler was popular for promising economic recovery and delivering

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Goldhagen Thesis

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This said that ordinary Germans not only knew about, but also supported, the Holocaust because of a unique and virulent \"eliminationist\" anti-Semitism in the German identity, which had developed in the preceding centuries

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Rhineland remilitarization

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when Germany moved into the Rhineland and beefed up the military, Britain and France still wanted appeasement and did nothing

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Appeasement

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The idea that Britain could pacify Germany and make sure there was no war at any cost.

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Austrian Anschluss

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The forceful union of Austria into Germany

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Hitler's Foreign Policy

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Made friends with Italy, did stuff behind the table with Russia, and hated everyone else.

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Sudetenland

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The area near Czechoslovakia that was mainly German ethnicity that Germany took.

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Munich Conference

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An agreement/conference that gave Germany the Sudetenland

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Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis

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The three countries of Italy, Germany, and Japan allied together

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Polish Corridor

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The strip of Poland that the Germans wanted to take, specifically Danzig

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Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

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A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other

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Grand Alliance - members & goals

answer

The members of the Grand alliance were America, Britain, and the Soviet Union; their goals were to Smash the aggressors, Europe first, then Asia

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Course of WWII

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First war in Europe, then war in Asia

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Dunkirk

answer

A mass flee of British troops of the coast of France, disaster, lost thousands of machines and vehicles

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Stalingrad

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Decisive battle in German invasion of Russia, the Germans were surrounded and systemically destroyed

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El Alamein

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Combined German and Italian forces were beaten near Alexandria, which lead to the Allied taking of Morocco and Algeria

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Sicily

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An important invasion that lead to the removal of Mussolini from government, only to have him put back later

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D-Day

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The most important battle in the European part of the war, allies stormed beaches and made it through to the mainland, landing in France and moving towards Germany

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Midway

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An important battle in the Asian part of the war, the Americans sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers

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Iwo Jima

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One of the Bloodiest battles in the war, a fight to the death for Japanese soldiers, as the Americans were coming closer to Japan

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Final Solution / Holocaust

answer

was Nazi Germany's plan and execution of its systematic genocide against European Jewry during World War II, resulting in the final, most deadly phase of the Holocaust

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A-bombs - Hiroshima, Nagasaki

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The final straw for the Japanese, resulting in millions of civilian and military death. Little Boy and Fat Man were used here. These flew on the plane \"The Enola Gay\"

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One man, one plan, one mustache

answer

The amazing movie that dictates the life and failure of Hitler

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Paul Valéry

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French poet and critic that spoke of a \"crisis of the mind,\" and \"a dark future for Europe\"

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Friedrich Nietzsche

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German philosopher who said that \"God is dead,\" that lackadaisical people killed him with their false values. Said that Christianity and all religion is a \"slave morality.\" He also said that the only hope for mankind was to accept the meaninglessness of human life, and to then use that meaninglessness as a source of personal integrity and liberation. Also stated that from this meaninglessness people called Supermen would exert their mind on other and rise to power. he appealed to people who liked totalitarianism.

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Georges Sorel

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A French socialist who thought there socialism would come from a general strike of all workers that would cripple the capitalist system. Thought that socialism was an improbable religion rather than accepted truth. Thought that the new socialist governments would not be democratic, rather controlled by a small revolutionary elite. He did not like democracy.

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Ludwig Wittgenstein

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Was an Austrian philosopher and a logical empiricist who argued in Essay on Logical Philosophy that great philosophical questions like god freedom and morality were \"quite literally senseless.\"

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Henri Bergson

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A French philosophy professor who said that personal experiences and intuition were more important than rational thought and thinking

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Jean Paul Sartre

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A French existentialist who said that people just \"turned up\" and that there was no God to help honest people. Also said \"man is condemned to be free\" and people had to choose their actions.

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Søren Kierkegaard

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Danish religious philosopher who made a total religious commitment to a remote and majestic god, after rejecting formalistic religion

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Karl Barth

answer

A Swiss Protestant theologian who said people were sinful and that religious truth was made know to humans only through God's grace, and people just had to accept God as true and be obedient.

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Gabriel Marcel

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Leading existential Christian thinker, thought catholic church was \"hope, humanity, honesty, and piety,\" after broken world and WWI, also advocated closer ties with non-Catholics

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Marie Curie

answer

A Polish physicist who, with French husband Pierre, discovered radium emits subatomic particles

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Albert Einstein

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German-Jewish physicist that undermined Newtonian physics and developed theory of relativity

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Max Planck

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German physicist who proved that subatomic energy was emitted from particles, he called them \"quanta\"

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Werner Heisenberg

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A German physicist that speculated that there was no real certainty in where an electron was, and only tendencies. This broke down Newton's dependable laws to only probabilities.

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Sigmund Freud

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The love of my life. Said that there were three points were man was stripped of his specialness. Copernicus said that man was not center of universe; Darwin said that man is not God's special creation; and Freud said that man is savage. Freud said that there was conscious, which you could control, and the subconscious. He said that the Id was living in the subconscious was just had primordial desires that wanted stuff like food and sex. Then there was the Superego that did not want pleasures of love, and was just pure intellect and rationality. The ego is the middle ground, the referee between the two different things, Id and Superego. All of this is going on the subconscious. His most controversial idea was that all humans are sexual beings and have sexual desires. Then he said there were three phases of human development the Oral phase, the Anal phase, and the Oedipal phase. After WWI it became ok to talk about Freud's ideas.

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James Joyce

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An Irish novelist who wrote Ulysses, a stream of consciousness book that mirrored Homer's book

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Oswald Spengler

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an obscure German high school teacher who wrote Decline of the West, said the west was about to be conquered by Asians.

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Walter Gropius

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German architect who broke form previous design with light, airy, bright buildings of glass and iron

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Claude Monet

answer

a French painter who used a impressionism called \"super-realism,\" capture overall impression of the thing they were painting

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Pierre Auguste Renoir

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a French painter who used a impressionism called \"super-realism,\" capture overall impression of the thing they were painting

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Vincent Van Gogh

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A Dutch expressionist who painted a \"moving visions in his mind's eye\"

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Paul Gaugin

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French stockbroker turned painter, pioneered expressionist techniques and fled to South Pacific

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Paul Cézanne

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A postimpressionist and expressionist who had a profound impact on 20th century art and committed to form

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Henrí Matisse

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An extreme abstract expressionist, leader of \"the beasts,\" focused on arrangement of color, line and form

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Pablo Picasso

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a Spanish artist, founder of Cubism, which focused on geometric shapes and overlapping planes

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Wassily Kandinski

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Russia painter who \"turned away from nature\" and focused on nonrepresentational, abstract art

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Igor Stravinsky

answer

composer, wrote Rite of Spring, expressionist ballet, shocked crowds because of music and scenes

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Alban Berg

answer

composer of opera Wozzeck, atonal music with half spoken, half sung dialogue, violence and expression

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Arnold Schönberg

answer

Viennese founder of 12 tone music and turned back on conventional tones

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John Maynard Keynes

answer

Young English economist who denounced Treaty of Versailles and said that people needed to revise treaty and help German econ. He Wrote Economic Consequences of the Peace. Said Britain needed Germany, and if the German market went under, Britain econ would go under. His book was one of the major reasons that the British were sympathetic towards Germany.

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Raymond Poincaré

answer

French Prime Minister who moved and occupied into the Ruhr to collect war reparations

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Gustav Stresemann

answer

German Foreign Minister who assumed leadership of government and got the French to move out of the Ruhr

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Leon Blum

answer

Leader of the French socialist party Popular Front, made first and real attempt to deal with the economic and social problems

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Psycho-social impact of WWI

answer

Social Impact was impact on social class structures and breakdown of aristocracy and other inter class structures. After the war more people did not have servants. The Psycho impact was that people viewed humanity as both savage and pointless, because they just fought a pointless war

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Logical Empiricism

answer

The philosophical ideology that simply rejected the concerns of modern philosophy, like god and morality. Mainly started with Austrian philosopher Wittgenstein.

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Existentialism

answer

The idea that human beings simply exist, have no higher purpose, and must exist and choose their actions for themselves. Existentialism mainly influenced by Nietzsche. Existentialism sustain popularity in Germany with Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers who appealed to university students.

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Christian Revival

answer

Was a reaction to the loss of faith in humans, which came from the war, and lead to renewed interest in Christian view of the world. Major people were Kierkegaard, Barth, and Marcel.

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The New Physics

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Pioneered by the Curies, Plank and Einstein, a new view of physics that shattered the perfect world of Newtonian physics and made the world seem much more random and not as much certainty.

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Uncertainty Principle

answer

The idea that we do know no anything for certain and all we know is possibilities, probabilities, and tendencies. Put forth by German physicist Heisenberg.

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Id, Ego, Superego

answer

Freud said that there was conscious, which you could control, and the subconscious. He said that the Id was living in the subconscious was just had primordial desires that wanted stuff like food and sex. Then there was the Superego that did not want pleasures of love, and was just pure intellect and rationality. The ego is the middle ground, the referee between the two different things, Id and Superego. All of this is going on the subconscious.

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Oedipal Complex

answer

A Freudian physiological idea that if you did not get over loving your parent of the opposite sex, you would have this complex where you hated your other parent and have issues with parental relations.

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Stream-of-Consciousness

answer

Literary technique that explored the psyche through different idea randomly bubbling up in a story.

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Functionalism

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A new principle of building design that focused on buildings being functional which means serving the purpose it was made for best

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Bauhaus

answer

A Weimar (German) architectural school created by Walter Gropius which combined the fine arts and functionalism

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Impressionism

answer

An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing

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Post-Impressionism

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An artistic movement that expressed world that could not normally be seen, like dreams and fantasy.

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Cubism

answer

An Artistic movement that focused on geometric shapes, complex lines, and overlapping planes.

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Abstract-Expressionism

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An artistic movement that focused on expressing emotion and feelings through abstract images and colors, lines and shapes.

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Dadaism

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An artistic movement that had a purposely nonsensical name, expressing its total rejection of previous modern art.

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Surrealism

answer

An artistic movement that displayed vivid dream worlds and fantastic unreal images

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British-French Tensions

answer

differences between French and British were over the treatment of the Germans, specifically on the payment of reparations

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The Little Entente

answer

The French alliance between the smaller countries of Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia.

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Ruhr Crisis 1923

answer

When France occupied the Ruhr coal fields to demand that the German pay their reparations

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Hyperinflation

answer

When the German economy tried to print bills to pay off their debt, inflation rates of 40% a day

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Dawes Plan

answer

The American plan to loan money to Germany, who would pay their reparations to France and Britain, who would pay back their debt to America, which created a win-win for everyone, and made they people happy and thought that peace was possible

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Locarno Pact / Spirit of Locarno

answer

The pact was an agreement to define the border between France and Germany, and in which Britain and Italy would gang up on the aggressor if the treaty was broken. The spirit was this feeling that war could be stopped again by peace talks that settled in Europe after the pact

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Kellogg-Briand Pact

answer

Was a pact that said that just said was bad, but did not outline any method for preventing war.

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Labor-Liberal-Conservative Cooperation in Britain

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The three party system that makes sure that both the conservative and the labor party don't get too radical.

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Great Depression - Causes, efforts to deal with

answer

The immediate cause was the American using margin buying to buy shares of stock that they could not pay back, and forced a mass selloff of shares, which collapsed the stock market and the economy. The efforts to deal was the New Deal in America, and different stances of social programs and socialism in Europe.

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Social Democrats

answer

The largest political party in Sweden, who pushed for social reform legislation, and drew support from community and socialist and capitalist working together.

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Popular Front

answer

was the French political alliance that allied the Communists, the Socialists, and the Radicals together.

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The Middle Way

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The Scandinavian system of in the middle of socialism and capitalism, an ideology that you can have some of your own things and keep some of your money, and have higher tax rates.

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\"Conquistadors\"

answer

This was the name given to the Spanish explorers who would conquer the land they discovered and utilize the resources they found there for Spain

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\"Crown from the gutter\"

answer

This was the expression used after the Revolutions of 1848 where Friedrich Wilhelm refused to just take the throne of Prussia

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\"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity\"

answer

The motto of the French Revolution and the demands of the popular people

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\"Separation of powers\"

answer

This was the theory developed by Montesquieu that political power should not be divided and share by a variety of classes and legal estates holding unequal rights and privileges

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\"Spanish Armada\"

answer

This was the vast amount of ships sent by Phillip II to attack England because of the conflicts between Phillip II and Mary, Queen of Scots

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\"Universal Man\"

answer

This was the term given to those in the Renaissance who were able to excel in more than one subject matter

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19th century class structure

answer

Aristocracy > Middle Class (Upper > Middle > Lower) > Working Classes (Labor Aristocracy > Semiskilled > Unskilled)

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Alexander I

answer

This czar of Russia wanted to restore the kingdom of Poland, which he wanted to bestow the benefits of his rule

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An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

answer

This was the work that started the tabula rasa theory where the human mind is blank until it is filled with experiences that allow a person to think differently

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Anabaptists

answer

These were the \"radicals\" in Reformation in which someone would choose if they wanted to be baptized

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Bacon

answer

This scientist spread the word about the experimental method and formalized the empirical method and combined his thinking with Descartes to form the scientific method

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Banking Families

answer

These were the major families in Europe that had the most power and control of the wealth in a state

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Battle of Austerlitz

answer

This massive victory by the French caused Russia and the Austrians to suspend their support against France

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Battle of Waterloo

answer

This was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler

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Bentham (Utilitarianism)

answer

This man believed that the moral worth of an action is determined by its contribution to happiness as summed among all persons

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Botticelli

answer

The artist shows the ideal for female beauty in the Renaissance in this work slender, pale skin, a high forehead, red-blond hair, and sloping shoulders

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Boyle

answer

This was the physicist who said nothing can be known beyond all doubt

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Brumaire Coup and The Consulate

answer

This is the act in which Napoleon ended the Directory by ousting the Directors and disbanding the legislature. He then established a strong military dictatorship in place of the weak Directory

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Brunelleschi

answer

He was an architect who designed a hospital for orphans and foundlings set up by the silk-workers guild in Florence

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Cabral

answer

This explorer first saw the mainland of Brazil and claimed it for Portugal while sailing to set up trading posts in India

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Carbonari

answer

These were groups of secret revolutionary societies in Italy

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Cardinal Mazarin

answer

This was the man who served under Cardinal Richelieu and laid the foundations for Louis XIV's expansionist policies

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Cardinal Richelieu

answer

This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy

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Catherine the Great

answer

This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia

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Causes of the French Revolution

answer

1) The economic and financial crisis that led to the calling of the Estates General. 2) The political incompetence of Louis XV and XVI. 3) The unfair taxation between the three estates

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Cervantes

answer

This man was a poet, playwright and novelist and wrote one of the best known novels ever (Don Quixote)

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Charists

answer

Their demand was universal male suffrage

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Charles Darwin

answer

This was the scientist who published the theory of evolution after his travels to the Galapagos Islands

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Charles II

answer

This was the king that took the throne during the Restoration and peacefully had agreements with the Parliament until he made secret agreements with Louis XIV to relax the laws against the English Catholics and eventually a Catholic became the next king

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Charles Talleyrand

answer

This was the French supporter of Metternich's balance of power idea

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Charles V

answer

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation

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Columbus

answer

This was the man who discovered Americas while originally looking for a faster and all-sea route to the East but instead landed in the West Indies.

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Combination Acts

answer

These were the laws passed by the Parliament that prohibited the English people from forming a union

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Commercial revolution

answer

This was the period of economic and political expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism that occurred in Europe

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Committee of Public Safety

answer

This was the group that carried out the Reign of Terror

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Concert of Europe (Congress System)

answer

This was the system set up by the Quadruple Alliance to meet periodically to talk about common issues

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Concordat of 1801

answer

This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power

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Congress of Vienna

answer

This was the meeting between the Quadruple Alliance in order to formulate a peace agreement and to balance the victories of the Napoleonic wars

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Conservatism

answer

This was the political idea in which the people regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions and the proper state and society remained those before the French Revolution which rested on a judicious blend on monarchy, bureaucracy, aristocracy, and respectful commoners

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Copernicus

answer

This was the man who first theorized that the celestial bodies all revolved around a fixed sun

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Corn Laws

answer

These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially

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Cosmo deMedici

answer

One of the members of the banker family of Florence that ruled behind the scenes of the government

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Cottage industry

answer

This was the way form of work of the rural classes in which the costumer would give the worker materials and the worker would create the desirable product

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Council of Trent

answer

This was the meeting called by Pope Paul III that secured reconciliation with the Protestants

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da Gama

answer

This was the first explorer to round the Cape of Good Hope and sail into the Indian Ocean trade

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Da Vinci

answer

One of the best examples of a Renaissance man. He painted, wrote, sculpted, invented, among his philosophical ideas

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Dante

answer

First comedy writer that wrote 100 verses that described the realms of the next world

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Danton

answer

One of the leaders of The Mountain

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

answer

This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law

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Deism

answer

This was a way of thinking that God exists, but does not intervene in daily life, for he already has a plan for the universe that cannot be altered

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Descartes

answer

This thinker developed a philosophy of two different worlds a material world and a world of the mind. This was called Cartesian dualism. He combined his ideas with Bacon to form the scientific method

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Dialectics

answer

This was the philosophical belief that for every thesis ever, there is an opposing antithesis that creates a synthesis

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Diaz

answer

This was the first explorer who rounded the southern tip of the Cape of Good Hope but was never able to go all the way around

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Diet of Worms

answer

This was the conference that Charles V called to bring Martin Luther to speak

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Doge

answer

The ruler of Venice

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Donatello

answer

One of the first and best Renaissance sculptors. He was also one of the first artists to sell his works

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Dutch Revolt

answer

This was the revolt by the Netherland against the Spanish in order to create their independent state

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Edict of Nantes

answer

This was the document published by Henry IV that granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to the Huguenots

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Edward VI

answer

During his short reign of England, Protestant ideas exerted a significant influence on the religious life of the country

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Edwin Chadwick

answer

This was a public health official who wrote reports on the poor living conditions of the cities and believed that poverty was caused by illnesses

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Effects of the Scientific Revolution

answer

This involved the beginning of using reason to solve problems in the community by using inductive and deductive reasoning

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El Cid

answer

This was the Spanish equivalent to the Knights of the Round Table

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Eli Whitney

answer

This man invented the cotton gin which allowed for the faster picking of cotton in the Americas

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Elizabeth I

answer

This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England

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Emile

answer

This work advocated breast feeding and natural dress and that boys' education should have plenty of fresh air and exercise and he said a women's nature was a life of marriage and child rearing

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Emile Zola

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This was an influential French writer who wrote about naturalism and was often criticized

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Enclosure movement

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This was the way that the English landowners would now organize their land so that the farmers would become more productive in their work

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Encyclopedia

answer

This was the first publication of different essays about the culture and society of France which was put on the Index of Forbidden Books because it dealt with controversial issues

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English Civil War

answer

This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished

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Erasmus

answer

This man was a writer who would plea for simple Christian faith and would criticize the complexity of Catholic faith

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Estates-General

answer

This was the group of people called by Louis XVI that would keep the king in check like the English Parliament

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Evolutionary Socialism

answer

This was the work that suggested that socialists should combine with other progressive forces to win gradual evolutionary gains for workers through legislation, unions, and further economic development

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Favorable balance of trade

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This was the ideology that most states used to gain the most money from their exports by increasing the amount of finished materials while decreasing the amount of raw materials

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Ferdinand and Isabella

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This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition

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Francesco Sforza

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The Duke of Florence and the old ruler of the city-states of Italy

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Francis I

answer

This was the French king who reached an agreement with Pope Leo X and allowed the French king to select French bishops and abbots

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Francis Xavier

answer

This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity

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Francois Guizot

answer

This man was an active player in the French Revolution of 1848 who helped in the overthrow of Charles X

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Franz Liszt

answer

This was a pianist in the Romanticism era that was a star in his day

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Frederick Elector of Saxony

answer

This was the man who supported and hid Luther after the Diet of Worms

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Frederick the Great

answer

This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler

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Frederick William (The Great Elector)

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This was the man who starting absolutism in Prussia by uniting the three provinces of Prussia under one ruler.

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Frederick William IV

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This king of Prussia was the king who gave into Prussia's constitution

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Galileo

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This scientist formulated the experimental method and using this, came up with the law of inertia, among several discoveries related to the moon

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Georg Hegel

answer

This man believed that each age is characterized by a dominant set of ideas, which produces opposing ideas and a new synthesis

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Georges Haussmann

answer

This was the man who planned the reconstruction of Paris

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Ghibeleines

answer

This is the political faction in Italy that supported the Holy Roman Empire

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Giotto

answer

An artist who led the way into realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body

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Girondists

answer

These were the liberals of France who did not want to execute Louis XVI, but The Mountain did anyway

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Giuseppe Mazzini

answer

This early Italian nationalist believed that doing labor for the principles of one's country is labor for humanity

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Glorious Revolution

answer

This was the \"revolution\" that replaced James II with William and Mary that also recognized the supremacy of the Parliament with minimum bloodshed

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Gold Glory and God

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This was the motto of the age of exploration. The explorers were looking for money, glory, or to convert non-Christians

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Greek revolution

answer

The Greeks revolted against the Ottomans for their independence, to which the Concert generally opposed to this

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Guelph

answer

This is the political faction in Italy that supported the pope

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Habeas Corpus Act

answer

This was act in which any people unlawfully detained could be prosecuted

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Hapsburgs

answer

This was the royal dynasty of Austria that ruled over a vast part of Central Europe while battling with the Turks over Hungary

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Harvey

answer

This was the man who first detailed the accounted for the circulation of blood flow

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Henry Bessemer

answer

This man revolutionized the way to manufacture steel by making the process quicker and more efficient

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Henry IV of France

answer

This was the king who issued the Edict of Nantes

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Henry VIII

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This was the man who started the Church of England because he needed a reformation in Catholicism which would allow him to divorce his wife

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Hohenzollerns

answer

This was the royal dynasty of electors in Prussia

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Holy Alliance

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This was the alliance between Austria Prussia and Russia on the crusade against the ideas and politics of the dual revolution.

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House of Orange

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This was the house that took over the English throne after the Glorious Revolution

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Huguenots

answer

These were the French Calvinists that were often persecuted until the Edict of Nantes

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Humanism

answer

The philosophy of the liberal arts that emphasized human beings and their achievements

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Hus

answer

A man who helped to shed some light on the church's problems with hurting the people that follow the religion. He was seen as a radical and was not allowed to study John Wycliffe's publications yet was executed after he was tried for heresy

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Ignatius of Loyola

answer

This was the man who started the Jesuit movement to help people to find God around the world

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Index of Prohibited Literature

answer

This was the list of books that were prohibited by the papacy in order to stop more religious thinkers

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Institutes of the Christian Religion

answer

This was the work by John Calvin that described to the world the ideology of John Calvin

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Jacobins

answer

This was the group of people in the National Assembly that met to discuss the political questions of the day

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James Hargreaves

answer

This was the man who created the spinning jenny which began the actual Industrial Revolution and the beginning of machines doing a man's work

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James II

answer

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

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Jean Bodin

answer

This was the man who created the theory of sovereignty in which a state becomes sovereign by claiming a monopoly over the instruments of justice

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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

answer

This man developed the first cohesive theory of evolution after his studies of biology

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Jesuits

answer

This was the group of people that was important in converting Asians and Latin Americans to Catholicism which allowed for the mass spread of Christianity

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Johann Gutenberg

answer

Man who created the printing press and changed the production and reading of books

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Johann Tetzel

answer

This was the man who was hired by Archbishop Albert of Mainz to sell indulgences, which he did extremely successfully

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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

answer

This German Romantic poet influence Walter Scott

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John Calvin

answer

This was another leader in the Reformation who believed in a simple faith and a simple method of worship

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John Constable (The Haywain)

answer

This man was a Romantic painter

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John Kay

answer

Man who revolutionized the one-hand loom and increased the production done by one worker

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John Knox

answer

This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops

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Joseph II

answer

This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom

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Joseph Lister

answer

This man promoted the idea of sterilizing medical equipment before operating

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July Decrees

answer

These decrees limited the voting rights of the wealthy and censored the press

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June Days

answer

These were the French workers' revolts in 1848 after the closure of the National Workshops

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Kant

answer

This philosopher showed the overall attitude of the Enlightenment by saying \"have the courage to use your own understanding\"

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Karl Marx

answer

This man came up with the idea of communism/dialectic socialism that said that two classes have always battled against each other to form another class that will battle against its antithesis until the synthesis is one equal class working with each other for each other

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Karlsbad Decrees

answer

These decrees required the thirty-eight German member states to root out subversive ideas in the universities and newspapers an established a permanent committee with spies and informers to investigate and punish any liberal or radical organizations

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Kepler

answer

This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun

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Klemens von Metternich

answer

This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression

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Labor aristocracy

answer

This was the union of skilled workers in the working classes that had a set behavioral code. They were usually run by construction bosses and factory foremen

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Laissez-faire capitalism

answer

This was the style of capitalism in which the government had no interference with the economy

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Lajos Kossuth

answer

This man was a Hungarian nationalist leader who demanded independence and a constitution

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Liberalism (Classical Liberalism)

answer

This was the political idea in which the government did not intervene in the economy and liberty and equality were stressed

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Liberty Leading the People (Delacroix)

answer

This work of art shows the glory of the French Revolution

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Line of Demarcation

answer

This was the line drawn by Alexander VI that gave Portugal most of Brazil and Spain the rest of South America

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Lord Byron

answer

This English poet joined the Greeks and died fighting so that they may be free

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Lorenzo the Magnificent

answer

This was an artistic patron that spent vast sums on family chapels, frescoes, religious panels and

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Louis Blanc

answer

This man urged people to agitate for universal voting rights and to take control of the state peacefully

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Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)

answer

This was the first French president as a result of the election after the Revolution of 1848

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Louis Pasteur

answer

This was the man who began studying fermentation to develop a way to avoid spoilage through pasteurization by heating the beverage

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Louis XIII

answer

This French king appointed Cardinal Richelieu

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Louis XIV

answer

This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France

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Louis XVIII

answer

This was the king of France before and after Napoleon's exile

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Luddites

answer

These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and as a result, they began to secretly destroy the machines

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Ludwig van Beethoven

answer

This pianist was considered the master of Romanticism music

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Magellan

answer

This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world

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Malthus (On Population)

answer

This man said that population would always grow faster than the food supply and the only hope of warding o war, famine, and disease was that young men and women had to limit the growth of population by marrying late

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Maria Theresa

answer

This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs

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Martin Luther

answer

This was the most famous and one of the first concrete reformer who began to reject some of the more obscure and selfish laws of the Catholic Church

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Mary I

answer

This was the queen who reverted back to Catholicism in England for five years and during this reign, she executed many Protestants

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Mary Wollstonecraft

answer

This was an English feminist who supported the women's revolution in France

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Masaccio

answer

He used light and dark imagery to illustrate different feelings and emotions

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Meeting at Marburg

answer

This was the meeting that tried to settle the dispute between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over the presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper.

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Methodism

answer

This movement said that all men and women who sought salvation might be saved, giving the people a message of hope

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Miasma Theory / Germ Theory

answer

These were the theories of the spread of disease. The miasma theory said that disease was spread by a bad odor. The new germ theory developed by Louis Pasteur said that diseases were spread by bacteria called germs

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Michelangelo

answer

This was an artist who led the way for Renaissance masters from his David sculpture and his painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling

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Middle class values

answer

The middle class frowned upon heavy drinking and the women were fond of fashion. Education was necessary and sexual purity was considered a virtue

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Modern imperialism

answer

This was the start of the building of foreign empires for trade and military advantages over other states

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Modern liberalism

answer

This was new thought that the governments should be subject to change. This was the counterpart to conservatism

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Napoleonic Code

answer

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy

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National Workshops

answer

This was the group that gave work to the unemployed

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Nationalism

answer

This was the new feeling of pride for one's country after the Napoleonic era

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Natural laws

answer

These were conclusions reached by the philosophes against which debate was impossible

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Nepotism

answer

This was the other common crime in which the members of the church would give positions to relatives

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Newton

answer

This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science

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Ninety-five Theses

answer

This was the letter Martin Luther wrote to Archbishop Albert which explained that indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance

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Northern Humanism

answer

This humanism philosophy interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity, individualism, and humanism in terms of their own traditions

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Northwest Passage

answer

This is the passage that many European explorers attempted but never succeeded to navigate to reach other nations more quickly

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Oligarchy

answer

The rule of a nation or state by a few people

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Oliver Cromwell

answer

This was the dictator who ruled over England after the English civil war. His death provided the military government collapse of England

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On Liberty (John Stuart Mill)

answer

This work advocated economic and moral freedom of individuals from the state. This work is enormously influential to politics today

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Paris Reconstruction

answer

This was planned by Georges Haussmann, who was assigned by Napoleon III, to provide employment, improved living conditions, and to show the glory of the French empire

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Partition of Poland

answer

This was the splitting up of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria

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Peace of Augsburg

answer

This was the treaty that was reached that ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars which also made Charles V recognize Lutheranism as a legitimate following

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Peace of Utrecht

answer

This was the treaty that ended the War of the Spanish Succession

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Peace of Westphalia

answer

This was the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War that recognized the independent authority of over three hundred German principalities

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Peasants' War

answer

This was the revolt that occurred in Germany where the peasants rebelled alongside the new Protestant thought. They were viciously quashed and the public appeal to the Reformation went substantially down

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Peninsular War

answer

This war was the beginning of the end of Napoleon's Grand Empire after the Spanish rebelled against France for its independence

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Peter the Great

answer

This was the czar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army. He also was interested in building grand cities like those in Western Europe

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Peterloo

answer

This was the extremely lopsided victory by English army over the protestors as a result of the Corn Laws

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Petrarch

answer

The man who began the humanism movement and he believed that he was living the start of new era

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Phalansteries

answer

These were the types of buildings designed by Charles Fourier for a utopian society

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Philip II of Spain

answer

This was the king who started the success of Spain's foreign colonies

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Philosophes

answer

These were the French philosophers

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Philosophy of the Enlightenment

answer

This dealt with skepticism, the government, and the role of reason in everyday life

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Physiocrats

answer

This was the group of economists who believed that the wealth of a nation was derived solely from the value of its land

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Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

answer

This socialist man believed that property is theft

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Pietism

answer

This was a movement within Lutheranism that revived Protestantism that called for an emotional relationship, allowed for the priesthood of all believers, and the Christian rebirth in everyday affairs

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Pope Alexander VI

answer

This was the pope that granted power to Ferdinand and Isabella to appoint bishops to the Spanish territories and also settled the argument between Spain and Portugal over South America

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Pope Leo X

answer

This was the pope that used the sale of indulgences to rebuild a basilica and he was also the pope who challenged Martin Luther

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Pope Paul III

answer

This was the Pope that called the Council of Trent

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Potato Famine

answer

This was the famine that occurred in Ireland that killed of thousands of people because the main potato crop could not grow because of bad soil that year

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Pragmatic Sanction

answer

This was the act passed by Charles VI that stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided, in order to allow his daughter to be ruler

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Predestination

answer

One of the main points of Calvinism that said that God had already determined if you were damned or saved

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Prince Henry the Navigator

answer

This was the Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators

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Proletariat

answer

This was the working class in that was constantly battling against the bourgeois factory owners

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Protestantism

answer

This was caused by the strictness and the incompetence of the Catholic Church.

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Puritan

answer

This was one of the reforms in England in which the leaders wanted all Catholic elements in the Church of England eliminated

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Quadruple Alliance

answer

This was the alliance between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia after the Napoleonic era

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Quakers

answer

A form of Protestantism in which the believers were pacifists and would shake at the power of the word of the Lord

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Rabelais

answer

He was a major French Renaissance writer, doctor and humanist. He is regarded as an avant-garde writer of fantasy and satire

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Raft of the Medusa (Géricault)

answer

This Romantic work shows a crew shipwrecked

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Realism

answer

This was the new style of literature that focused on the daily lives and adventures of a common person. This style was a response to Romanticism's supernaturalism and over-emphasis on emotion

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Reform Bill of 1832

answer

This bill gave representation to most people in England

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Regulatory Legislation (Factory, Mines & 10 Hours Acts)

answer

These acts all started to regulate and ameliorate the conditions of work in the factories and helped make the Industrial Revolution better and the living conditions in the urban areas better

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Reign of Terror

answer

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed

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Renaissance Popes

answer

These were general title given to the popes that would convince the Renaissance artists to work for them in order to enhance the majesty of the churches

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Revolutions of 1830

answer

The French Revolution of 1830 occurred because Louis XVIII only granted a small percentage of people the right to vote and Charles X attack of Algeria and as a result, he censored the press and limited the voting rights of the wealthy

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Revolutions of 1848

answer

These revolutions occurred in 1)France, because of the depression and rising unemployment rates caused starvation in France in which they then overthrew the bourgeois monarchy 2)Austria, because the Hungarians rebelled against the Austrian Empire and were joined by the urban poor looking for employment, and 3) Prussia, because the artisans and factory workers joined with the middle-class liberals to rebel against the monarchy and eventually, Prussia became a constitutional monarchy

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Ricardo (Iron Law of Wages)

answer

This man stated that because of population growth, the wages would always sink to subsistence level

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Robert Castlereagh

answer

This British foreign minister was a supporter of Metternich

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Robert Koch

answer

This was the first man to isolate a bacterium and a virus and as a result h could create new vaccines for the disease

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Robert Owen

answer

This man both helped to lead the first national union in England and advocated the use of children in factories

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Robespierre

answer

The main leader of The Mountain and the man who ruled France after the First Revolution

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Role of reason

answer

The Enlightenment thinkers used reason to deduct conclusions about everyday life

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Romanovs

answer

This was the ruling class of Russia after the Cossack Rebellion

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Romanticism

answer

This was the response to the Enlightenment in which they believed that not everything could be measured, because of the passion of emotion

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Roundheads and Cavaliers

answer

These were the two sides of the English civil war. The Roundheads were the Puritan supporters of the Parliament and the Cavaliers were the supporters of Charles I

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Rousseau

answer

This man's work was extremely influential for the Romantic Movement

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Rump Parliament

answer

This was the Parliament after Oliver Cromwell dismissed the Cavaliers

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Saint-Simon

answer

This man was one of the early and influential socialist thinkers who proclaimed the tremendous possibilities of industrial development

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Sale of Indulgences

answer

This was the way that many people were granted salvation. This was a common method of the church to gain power and money

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Salons

answer

These were meeting places for philosophical discussion that were for the upper and middle class citizens who would talk about different doctrines

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Savonarola

answer

A Dominican friar that predicted the French invasion of Florence from the paganism and the moral vice of the city

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Seditious Meetings Act

answer

This act made it illegal to meet with a group of more than fifty people

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Seven Years' War

answer

This war was began as a follow-up of the War of Austrian Succession when Prussia invaded Austria

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Shakespeare

answer

This man wrote several plays and poems and is regarded as one of the best writers of all time

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Simony

answer

The common crime of paying for holy offices for the position of power

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Spanish Inquisition

answer

This was the harsh and violent conversion of Spain back into Catholicism. They used several versions of torture and fear tactics to convert people back to Catholicism

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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

answer

This was the massacre that occurred during the wedding of a Catholic and Huguenot that would resolve the conflict between the two conflicting parties

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Stadholder

answer

This was the name given to the person appointed by the States General to carry out ceremonial functions in a province in the Netherlands

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Sturm und Drang

answer

This was what the early German Romantics called themselves

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Surplus Value

answer

This is the value of the unpaid surplus labor performed by the worker for the capitalist for profit

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Tennis Court Oath

answer

This is the oath that the representatives of the third estate took when they swore that they would never disband until they had proper representation

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Test Act of 1673

answer

This was the bill passed that those who did not receive the Eucharist of the Anglican Church had little rights

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The Commonwealth of England

answer

This was the name that England took on after the civil war and the kingship was abolished

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The Courtier

answer

A treatise that sought to train, discipline, and fashion the young man into the courtly ideal, the gentleman

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The Decameron

answer

A work that portrays an acquisitive, sensual, and worldly society through descriptions of merchants, friars, and husbands

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The Prince

answer

A short political treatise about political power how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. Machiavelli explores the problems of human nature and concludes that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own interests

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The Protectorate

answer

This was the name of the military dictatorship that England took on during the reign of Oliver Cromwell

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The Restoration

answer

This was the re-establishment of the monarchy in England under Charles II. Both houses of Parliament were restored but the religious tensions still were present in England

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The Stuarts

answer

This was the Scottish royal family that ruled England after Elizabeth I

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Theory of Class Struggle

answer

This was the theory that two opposing classes have always battled against eachother to form another class that will battle against its antithesis until the synthesis is one equal class working with each other for each other

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Theory of Evolution

answer

This theory stated that animals could evolve from other animals in order to adapt to their environments. This theory was not widely accepted for it could possibly account for humans which would defeat the whole purpose of creationism

question

Thermidorian Reaction and The Directory

answer

This was the reaction to the despotism after the Second Revolution which led to the establishment of the five-man executive that supported the French military which was not popular with the French people

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Thirty Years' War

answer

This was the international war between the Protestants and Catholics that eventually ended religious conflicts in Europe

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Thomas Hobbes

answer

This was the philosopher that believed that a strong central government was needed to avoid rebellion and civil war

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Three Estates

answer

The clergy made up a very small percentage but owned 10% of the land; the nobles made up another small percentage but also owned most of the land; and the rest of the people made up 97% of France and owned very little land

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Titan

answer

A Venetian man who created the style of mannerism in which artists sometimes distorted figures to express emotion and drama

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Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

answer

This was the treaty that ended the War of Austrian Succession by giving the Prussians land, taking land away from Maria Theresa, but still allowing her to rule

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Treaty of Paris (1763)

answer

This treaty ended the Seven Years' War

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Troppau Conference

answer

This was the conference at which the Troppau Protocol was signed in which any country that underwent a revolution was no longer part of the European Alliance

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Two Treatises on Government (John Locke)

answer

This was the document that stated that if a ruler steps over its proper function to protect the natural rights of life, liberty, and property, than that ruler was a tyrant and must be overthrown

question

Ulrich Zwingli

answer

This was a man who believed that Christian life rested on the Scriptures and a prominent leader in the Swiss Reformation. He went on to attack indulgences, the Mass, the institution of monasticism, and clerical celibacy

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Urban living conditions

answer

These were awful in the 19th Century as a result of poor sewage treatment, water conditions and bad foundations for buildings

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Urban planning and public transit

answer

This was the act of planning out a city and building it from the blueprints. This caused in increase in public transit that millions of people used a day instead of their own transportation or walking

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Utopia

answer

A work that presents a revolutionary view of society and describes an ideal socialistic community on an island somewhere off the mainland of the New World. He created the name utopia as a good place which is no place

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Valois

answer

This was a German dynasty that often had conflicts with the Habsburgs that often involved other countries and papal troops

question

Varieties of Socialism

answer

There were the early French socialists who believed in economic planning and argued that the government should rationally organize the economy and not depend on destructive competition to do the job. There was also dialectic socialism in which the followers believed that eventually, the proletariat will battle against the bourgeois to create one single class

question

Vesalius

answer

This was the scientist who began to study anatomy in depth. He is referred as the father of anatomy

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Vespucci

answer

This was the man who first said that the Americas were completely separate from Asia, thus the continent was named after him

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Victor Hugo

answer

This was a Romantic writer who wrote prose and poetry

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Voltaire

answer

This was a playwright and a philosophe who said that the best that one could hope for in a government is a good monarch and he even often criticized the Catholic Church and government in his plays

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Walter Scott

answer

This Scottish Romantic poet used history to write his poems

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Wanderer in the Clouds (Friedrich)

answer

This work of art shows the insignificance of the human and the supremacy of nature

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War of Austrian Succession

answer

This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state

question

War of Spanish Succession

answer

This was the war between France and Spain in order to unite the two states under one ruler, Phillip V

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War of the Three Henrys

answer

This was the last of the wars that occurred over the religious differences in France, between the Catholics (Henry III of France and Henry of Guise) and Protestants (Henry IV)

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Wealth of Nations

answer

This work criticized mercantilism by saying that it meant a combination of stifling government regulations and unfair privileges for state-approved monopolies and government favorites

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Whigs and Tories

answer

These were the two parties in the Parliament. The Whigs were mostly liberal and wanted change while the Tories wanted to keep the government as it was

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William and Mary

answer

These people were the king and queen of England after the Glorious Revolution that recognized the supremacy of the English Parliament

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William Wordsworth

answer

Leader of English Romanticism who published works in the countryside

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Women's March on Versailles

answer

This was the march by the women of Paris to the home of Marie Antoinette in order to demand action for the ridiculous raise in the price of bread

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Working class leisure

answer

The working class still enjoyed drinking, although it was discouraged, they started to enjoy sports and music halls, although blood sports declined

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Wycliffe

answer

This was one o the original men to challenge the church. His writings became \"scriptures\" for other reformers to follow.

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Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)

answer

France's first elected president by universal male suffrage, and developed strong nationalism like his cousin

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Giuseppe Mazzini

answer

a radical idealistic patriot who wanted a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and will of the people in Italy

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Vincenzo Gioberti

answer

A catholic priest who called for a federation of existing states under the presidency of a progressive pope in Italy

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Victor Emmanuel

answer

Sardinia's monarch who helped unite Italy

question

Pius IX

answer

Pope who denounced unification and published the Syllabus of Errors

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Camillo di Cavour

answer

The political mastermind behind all of Sardinia's unification plans, he succeeded in creating a Northern Italian nation state

question

Giuseppe Garibaldi

answer

A \"super patriot\" of Italy, he helped unify southern Italy with the help of his Red Shirts

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Frederick William IV

answer

A king and leader of Prussia who was unable to unify Germany \"from above,\" he was replaced by William I

question

William I

answer

The Leader of Prussia who wanted military expansion, and hired Bismarck to further his goals

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Otto von Bismarck

answer

German Political mastermind who spearheaded Prussian expansion

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Alexander II

answer

A Russian Tsar who implemented rapid social change and general modernization of Russia.

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Alexander III

answer

A determined reactionary Tsar who nevertheless sped forward with economic modernization

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Sergei Witte

answer

A tough finance minister who thought that Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening Russia's power and greatness

question

Nicholas II

answer

Russia's last tsar, he witnessed the fall of Russia from great power, to the entering into WWI and total collapse

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William II

answer

This new German emperor opposed Bismarck, fired him, and ended up being less successful than Bismarck anyway

question

Adolphe Thiers

answer

Leader of the National Assembly in France, he ordered the Paris Commune to be crushed. He also declared the Third Republic of France, because it \"divided France the least\"

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Leon Gambetta

answer

A successful politician in France, he was a moderate republican who helped stabilize government

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Alfred Dreyfus

answer

A Jewish military captain in the French Army, he was falsely accused of treason, and his affair split France apart

question

Benjamin Disraeli

answer

A British politician who extended the vote to the rich middle class in order to broaden the political base of the conservative party

question

David Lloyd George

answer

Member of the Liberal party in Great Britain who helped raise taxes on the rich, and reform in general

question

William Gladstone

answer

A Liberal British Prime Minister who gave concessions to various parties and ultimately introduced bills for Irish self-governance

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Karl Lueger

answer

The fiery mayor of Vienna who preached anti-Semitism and appealed to lower middle class

question

Theodor Herzl

answer

German Jewish Politician who advocated the policy of Zionism and the creation of a nation state for all Jewish people.

question

Edward Bernstein

answer

A revisionist social who advocated the gradual gain of socialism and looked towards Darwin's doctrines as a measure for a change in socialism's tactics

question

Jean Jaures

answer

French revisionist socialist who repudiated revisionist doctrines to achieve a unified socialist state

question

Modernization

answer

An occurrence in Russia that lead to the increase of its stature in world power standings and revitalized the economy and industry

question

Louis Napoleon's rise & ideas on gov't

answer

He thought that the Government should be powerful and that there should be strong nationalism, but mainly guided by the people's interests

question

Reasons for and against Italian unity

answer

People wanted Italian unity because it would unify Italy, and they wanted a different government. People did not want unification because it went against the church, there were very different areas in the north and the south, and because they wanted to just keep things the same

question

Syllabus of Errors

answer

A document by the pope in which he denounced rationalism, socialism, religious liberty, and separation of the church and state.

question

Cavour's program

answer

Cavour's plan was to first modernize the econ, and model it off of Britain, then modernize the military, with lots of railroads to move the troops around to country

question

Austro-Sardinian War

answer

Austria invades Italy and the French come in to help the Italians. The Italians and the French are very successful and gain Lombardy.

question

1859 Garibaldi's invasion

answer

An energized movement of radicals from Sicily to the mainland and gaining land for unification

question

Reasons for and against German unity

answer

Upper class and Conservatives did not want unification because they would have less power, but the rest of the people wanted it because of nationalism and German identity

question

Zollverein

answer

A German customs union founded to increase trade and stimulate revenues of its members

question

Bismarck's plans and maneuvers

answer

He wanted to unify Germany, but played it safe, with many alliances and pacts, and ends up being amazing

question

\"Blood and Iron\"

answer

Bismarck's idea of always preparing and waging war, and those things can only be done with war

question

Schleswig-Holstein crisis

answer

A desire for success abroad lead to this. It was a short war against Denmark to gain these providences

question

Austro-Prussian War - Causes & Outcomes

answer

The Germans needed a way to make the Austrians on their side, and they had the superior army. The Germans won, and were able to make sure that Austria stayed out of German affairs

question

North German Confederation Constitution

answer

This stated that local government had some power, but that ultimate power rested in the hands of Bismarck and William

question

Franco-Prussian War - Causes & Outcomes

answer

The reason behind the war was because a war would bring the Southern German states into the Prussian state, and the French wanted to teach Germany a lesson. It ended up that the Germans kicked butt, and the French were humiliated, and the German plan worked completely

question

Ems Telegram

answer

A telegram which the French gave to the Germans in anger over the Succession of the Throne in Spain, but the Germans altered it to look like the French were rude and evil. The French declared war.

question

Crimean War - impact in Britain & Russia

answer

This war showed that the Russian were way behind the rest of the world, and needed reform.

question

Russian Modernization

answer

The most of these were economical and not political, and even then were mostly only halfway efforts

question

Witte's reforms

answer

He \"used the west to catch up to the west\" in Russia, by having foreigners build factories and making new transport lines.

question

Zemstvo

answer

A local coulcil of politicians to deal with local problems in Russia

question

Trans-Siberian Railroad

answer

A railroad that went across Siberia

question

Russo-Japanese War - impact in Russia

answer

This war showed that Russia was still not strong, and it caused revolution back at home.

question

\"Bloody Sunday\" (1905) - Causes, actions, effects

answer

The cause was people wanted to present a petition to the Tsar, the action was people getting shot, the effect was people disliking the Tsar and turning on him

question

October Manifesto

answer

This granted full civil rights to people and opened up the Duma

question

Duma

answer

This was a legislative parliament in Russia with real political power

question

Decline of Ottoman Empire

answer

They fell behind in industrialization, in education, and in general compared to the west

question

Tanzimat

answer

This was a short ottoman parliament designed to model the western model of an empire

question

Young Turks

answer

Young rebellious people in the Ottoman Empire who forced the Sultan to reform

question

Structure of German government

answer

They had a strong top government and they had a Reichstag, or the lower house of parliament

question

Kulturkampf

answer

Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church

question

German social legislation

answer

Bismarck placed high tariffs on imported goods, and tried to stop socialism with government measures that banned the socialist party

question

Paris Commune

answer

The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government

question

French educational reforms

answer

The Dreyfus affair lead to the separation of church and state, and lead to more people in government backed schools that were no longer catholic schools but republican schools.

question

Dreyfus Affair

answer

Incident in France where a Jewish captain was tried for treason because they military was anti-Semitic, and it divided the country

question

Extension of suffrage in Britain

answer

suffrage was extended to more middle class men in Britain so that they conservatives would get a stronger base

question

Liberal v. Conservative Parties in Britain

answer

The conservative party in Britain was put down when the king threatened to make more liberal seats to pass bills that the conservatives were vetoing

question

People's Budget

answer

A plan in British parliament that increased spending on social services

question

Irish Home Rule

answer

A desire of some people in Ireland to not be ruled by England

question

Dual Monarchy

answer

The joining of Austria and Hungary under two different crowns

question

Magyar policies

answer

The Magyar pushed through bills that changed voting laws to help the elite and to force through the teaching of Hungarian in schools. They created the nationalism that would tear them apart

question

Anti-Semitism

answer

A mindset that people of Jewish heritage were inferior to other races

question

Zionism

answer

A movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine

question

Socialists and Nationalism

answer

The socialist opposed nationalism and thought that the German worker had more in common with the French worker than the German boss

question

Second International

answer

A group of socialist national parties that met and discussed Marx, and planned action

question

Revisionism

answer

The socialist idea that we should embrace socialism in a gradual advance, with no bloody war

question

Muhammad Ali

answer

Egyptian army general who stepped into power after the French left. He reformed the army, the land, and the communication of Egypt

question

Ismail Ali

answer

Khedive of Egypt, he was a westernizing autocrat and grandson of the first leader

question

Leopold II

answer

Belgian king who ruthlessly exploited the natives on his African land for personal gain.

question

Matthew Perry

answer

This American naval officer was the driving factor in Japan's opening by using gunboat diplomacy

question

Dowager Empress Tzu Hsi

answer

Chinese leader who used conservative forces to maintain her power

question

John A. Hobson

answer

This man wrote Imperialism, a critique of imperalism

question

Cecil Rhodes

answer

British military commander who believed in expansion and founded the De Beers Mining Company

question

Joseph Conrad

answer

This man wrote Heart of Darkness, where he criticized the Europeans in their civilizing

question

Henry Labouchière

answer

A member of British Parliament who mocked Rudyard Kipling's poem

question

Robert Clive

answer

This man was a British soldier who established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in Southern India and Bengal. He is credited with securing India, and the wealth that followed, for the British crown.

question

Warren Hastings

answer

This man was the first governor of British Bengal

question

Ranjit Singh

answer

This man was the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire in India

question

Rudyard Kipling

answer

British writer who wrote of \"the white man's burden\" and justified imperialism

question

Sun Yatsen

answer

This man was a radical Chinese reformer who sought to overthrow the government

question

Income inequality / Standard of Living

answer

There was an large inequality of income and standard of living between Europe and the non-industrialized world because industrialization itself opened the gap

question

World Markets / European foreign investment

answer

Europe mainly invested most of its money back into Europe, and then into the US

question

Isolation & \"Opening\" of China and Japan

answer

Isolation to protect against the corruptive west, and a forced opening for reasons of trace

question

British Opium Trade / Opium Wars

answer

The British had a war with the Chinese to make sure they could sell their opium to china

question

Treaty of Nanking

answer

A treaty with Britain and China that gave Hong Kong to Britain and opened 4 cities for trade

question

1842 Western penetration of Egypt

answer

This was when the French left, and the British moved in and invaded and captured Egypt

question

Khedive

answer

This was the equivalent of a king in Egypt

question

Suez Canal

answer

An important canal to the British in Egypt

question

Egyptian Nationalist Party

answer

A political party in Egypt that was formed under Ahmed Arabi

question

Migration: Who went where, and why? (demographics)

answer

1/3 of European migrants came from British Isles; less that ½ went to the US; most often a small peasant landowner/village craftsman; left because they were threatened by industrialization; many returned to their homelands

question

Swallows / Repatriation

answer

These were people who migrated to new lands, but then came back to either farm, or to stay

question

Great White Walls

answer

This was a policy of discriminatory laws designed to keep Asians out of countries

question

Scramble for Africa

answer

This was an event where Europe tried to claim Africa as quickly as it could

question

Boers / Afrikaners

answer

These were Dutch settlers in south Africa

question

Congo exploitation

answer

This event was where king Leopold of Belgium exploited Congo for his personal gain

question

Berlin Conference of 1884-5

answer

This event happened to set laws for colonization and claiming land in Africa

question

\"Effective Occupation\"

answer

This was the idea of occupying land so that a country could claim it

question

Fashoda Crisis of 1898

answer

This event occurred when both Britain and France wanted the town of Fashoda; in the end, the British gained control of the town, because the French gave up

question

Omdurman

answer

A battle between Muslim warriors and British machine gunners, a bloody massacre

question

\"New Imperialism\"

answer

The new idea that revitalized the period of expansion and gathering of colonies

question

Justifications for Imperialism

answer

People justified imperialism by the concept of \"white man's burden,\" which stated that European should govern other because it was right and better for the people

question

Social Darwinism

answer

The twisted social idea that used the theory of evolution and applied to people

question

\"The White Man's Burden\"

answer

The justification of imperialism, this was created in Kipling's work

question

Responses to Imperialism: Traditionalist v. Modernist

answer

Some people thought that we should accept and learn from the people who were taking over our land, these being the modernists; and other thought that we should completely try to get rid of them, these people being the traditionalists

question

Founding of the British empire in India

answer

Britain gained this territory by slowly asserting influence and putting people in charge

question

Great Rebellion (Indian Mutiny)

answer

This was a insurrection of Muslim and Hindi army officers that spread through northern India before it was crushed. It was because of people trying to send out the white army officers

question

Meiji Restoration of 1867

answer

This was a replacement of the Japanese government with the emperor, done so by samurai

question

Japanese \"opening\" of Korea

answer

The Japanese had a war with China and ended up gaining Korea, which they opened to trade; Japan became an imperialist power

question

Sino-Japanese War

answer

A war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory

question

Russo-Japanese War

answer

A war between Russia and Japan for Port Arthur, and for more influence in CHina

question

Qing Dynasty

answer

The two hundred year old Chinese dynast that was the last emperors of China

question

Boxer Rebellion

answer

A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese people who wanted to throw the foreigners out

question

China's Hundred Days of Reform

answer

A period of reform for china in the attempt to meet the foreign challenge

question

Open Door Policy

answer

A policy in which US made formal annexation of China

question

Lawrence of Arabia

answer

British military officer who incited the Arabs in Arabia to revolt against their Turkish lords

question

Georges Clemenceau

answer

An effective and almost dictator-like leader of France, who would not take defeat as an answer

question

Nicholas II

answer

Last Tsar of Russia, he involved the Russians in WWI

question

Theobald von Bethman-Hollweg

answer

German chancellor who hoped for WWI to happen, but without Britain

question

Wilhelm II Mustafa Kemal

answer

the so called \"father of the Turks,\" he founded what is now known as Turkey and defended against British attack

question

Alfred von Schlieffen

answer

German who concocted the plan of \"France for breakfast, Russia for dinner\"

question

Franz Joseph

answer

The old leader of Austria in the years before WWI

question

Gravrilo Princip

answer

A Serbian nationalist in the Black hand who killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand

question

Walther Rathenau

answer

was a German industrialist, politician, writer, and statesman who served as Foreign Minister of Germany during the Weimar Republic.

question

Paul von Hindenburg

answer

This German, along with his partner Ludendorff, essentially ran Germany during the end of the war

question

Erich Ludendorff

answer

This German, along with his partner Hindenburg, essentially ran Germany during the end of the war

question

Erich von Falkenhayn

answer

He was chief of the general staff during WWI for the Germans

question

Henri Pétain

answer

French military leader who assumed control of France and lead it out of the war successfully

question

Douglas Haig

answer

was a British soldier and senior commander (field marshal) during World War I. He commanded the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from 1915 to the end of the War. Most notably he was commander during the Battle of the Somme, the 3rd Battle of Ypres and the series of victories leading to the German surrender in 1918.

question

Robert Nievelle

answer

He took command of one of the main French armies engaged in the Battle of Verdun, leading it during its successful counter-strokes against the Germans, but was accused of wasting French lives during some of his attacks. He became Commander-in-Chief of the French armies on the Western Front in December 1916, and was criticised in that capacity for not exploiting good opportunities to attack the Germans. He was responsible for the Nivelle Offensive, which faced a very large degree of opposition during its planning stage. When the offensive failed to achieve a breakthrough on the Western Front, Nivelle was replaced as Commander-in-Chief in May 1917.

question

Woodrow Wilson

answer

American president at the time of WWI who came up with 14 points

question

Rosa Luxembourg

answer

German socialist revolutionary who was assassinated after the war

question

Serbian nationalist movement

answer

This was a movement to create a Serbian state and break from Austria Hungary

question

First, Second, Third Balkan War

answer

All of these were wars for nationalistic purposes, the third creating WWI

question

Pan-Slavism

answer

A movement to create a nation state of Slavic people

question

Alliances 1873-1914 & German isolation

answer

Germany became more and more isolated because it was aggressive and France had pursued many alliances against Germany, leaving Germany only with Austria

question

Moroccan Crisis & Algeciras Conference 1906

answer

This event showed that Germany was war hungry and turned the British onto the side of the French

question

Development of Anglo-German rivalry & Naval arms race

answer

This rivalry developed because of the increasing naval race, and because Germany was becoming increasingly militaristic

question

Triple Entente & Triple Alliance

answer

The triple Entente was an alliance between France, Britain and Russia, the Triple alliance was an alliance between Germany, Austria and Russia

question

Revanchisme

answer

The French idea of revenge for what Germany did in the Franco-Prussian war

question

the Schlieffen Plan

answer

The plan that Germany would attack France quickly and then move towards Russia

question

Why war was seen as a good thing in 1914

answer

War was seen as a good thing because it would cover up all of the problems that every country involved had going on at home

question

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand -- the Black Hand

answer

the serbs assassinated the archduke to make a statement, and the Austrians got really pissed, because he was the next in line for the throne and the guy on the throne then was old

question

Austrian \"anti-nationalism\"

answer

The Austrians tried to stop the nationalism of different people in their country from tearing them apart, but it did not work

question

July Diplomacy - the Blank Check

answer

This was given to Austria form Germany that guaranteed full military backing in any war

question

Why war preparations were \"unstoppable\"

answer

War preparations were unstoppable because once you started to prepare, you knew that your enemies were doing the same, and you could not stop, because if you did, your enemies could attack you

question

Progress of the War

answer

WWI progressed so the Germans were winning at first, and then the Americans came and kicked butt. It also was so pointless and full of death

question

Importance of Germany's campaign through Belgium

answer

When Germany moved through Belgium, it caused Britain to go on the side of the war with France.

question

Why the Western Front became stalemated

answer

The western front became stalemated because it was full of trench warfare and needless death

question

Innovations in weaponry zeppelins, airplanes, gas, machine guns, tanks

answer

these things were new ideas that really did not work very well

question

Lusitania and Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

answer

This ship was sunk with Americans on it, and this action by the Germans was what ultimately caused the Americans to enter the war

question

\"total war\" & measures to prosecute it

answer

This was the effort to completely involve every person and aspect of the economy into the war

question

Problems of trench life

answer

the trench was dirty, wet, smelly, and full of death, and you waited to die at any moment

question

Battles of the Marne

answer

This battle was a French/British victory, because they stopped the German offensive

question

Battle of Tannenberg

answer

This battle was a German victory against the Russian, the Russians were crushed

question

Battle of Verdun

answer

one of the costliest battles in WWI, was mainly useless and just people died

question

Battle of the Somme

answer

Failed allied offensive that resulted in a lot of loss of life

question

Gallipoli

answer

A failed British offensive in Ottoman empire

question

Passchendaele

answer

a COMPLETELY worthless battle that resulted in millions dead

question

Nievelle's Offensive

answer

French offensive that resulted in an almost mutiny by the French military

question

German 1918 Offensive

answer

A last ditch attempt to beat the allies after the Germans defeated the Russians

question

Strains of the war on the Great Powers

answer

The strains lead to millions of people dead, and many revolutions and restructuring

question

Costs of the war -- monetary & human

answer

the war lost 15 million lives and cost 196 billion in today's money

question

The \"Big Four\"

answer

The big 4 were US, Britain, France and Italy

question

Fourteen Points

answer

These were part of Wilson's plan to end conflict

question

reparations

answer

Germany had to pay billions of dollars in war reperations

question

national self-determination

answer

The idea that people should determine who and what they want leading them

question

Treaty of Versailles terms

answer

These terms said that Germany had to pay money, that Germany had to give up land, and that Germany had to keep its army size down

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