AP European History: Post WWII Europe and the Cold War – Flashcards
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How was the United States and the USSR's relationship affected by WWII?
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relationship declined
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What caused a weakened relationship between the US and the USSR?
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-death of FDR -US possession of Atomic Bomb -both sides felt double-crossed -removal of Nazis -Soviet occupation in Eastern Europe -issues of compensation for the USSR from Germany -Soviet presence in central Europe, Balkans, Middle East
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How did the US military change (numbers)?
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forces went from 3.5 million to 500,000
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What was the new mindset of the US relating to military?
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'bring the boys home'
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What was the US focused on after the war?
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self-determination, freedom of trade, political and economic liberty
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Political and Economic realities of post-WWII made it impossible for America to do what?
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return to its isolationist tendencies
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What changed in France and Italy that caused the Americans to be disturbed?
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growth of communism in France; Italy taking their marching orders from Moscow
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What did Soviets want to better fight in Poland or Hungary?
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buffer states
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What did containment in American foreign policy prevent?
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the expansion of Communism, but do not overthrow existing communist regimes
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Truman Doctrine
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USA support for "free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures"
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What was the Marshall Plan?
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economic aid to rebuild Western Europe
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What was the USSR's response to the Marshall Plan?
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they forbade the Eastern European countries from taking the aid
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What was the Cominform?
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jamboree of Communists from around the world
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What did the Comintern do?
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spread revolutionary communism throughout the world
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Were the Communists willing to work with the non-communists?
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no
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What was the first country to fall under Soviet control?
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Czechoslovakia
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What are nations under Soviet control called?
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satellites
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What prominent nation resisted Soviet domination?
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Yugoslavia
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Josip Tito
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Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman. He was secretary-general (later president) of the Communist Party (League of Communists) of Yugoslavia (1939-80)
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Who possessed the four German quarters?
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France, America, Soviet Union, and Britain
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What did the US do to help Western Germany?
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provided generous aid and investment; rebuild its infrastructure
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What did the USSR fear in Germany?
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they feared of a resurgence Germany, even one split in two
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What did the Berlin Blockade do?
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it closed Berlin
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As a result of the Berlin Blockade, what began?
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Berlin airlift
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Which part of Germany was the "German Federal Republic"?
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West Germany
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Which part of Germany was the "Federal Democratic Republic"?
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East Germany
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What does NATO stand for?
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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Why was NATO created?
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to counter Soviet aggression
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What was NATO based on?
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the principle of collective security
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What laid the framework for NATO?
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Treaty of Brussels
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What did the USSR form in result of NATO?
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Warsaw Pact
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What countries were in the Warsaw Pact?
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USSR, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria
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COMECON stood for what?
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Council of Mutual Assistance
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What did COMECON link?
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the economies of Eastern Europe and the USSR
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What caused Zionists to believe that a creation of a Jewish homeland was necessary?
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Holocaust
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Where did the Jews flee from?
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Jews fled tsarist Russia and other places in Europe where anti-Semitism was prevalent
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What did the Balfour Declaration favor?
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establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine
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What was one of the first major problems the UN (United Nations) faced?
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the issue of Jews and Arabs in Palestine
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Palestine was partitioned into how many states?
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two
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Did the Jews and Arabs agree to the change in Palestine?
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the Jews agreed, Arabs attacked and ended up losing their half
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What major event happened in May of 1948?
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establishment of an independent Israel
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Right after the establishment of an independent Israel, what happened?
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the Arab countries attacked Israel
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What is the record of wins/losses/ties with the Arabs and Israel post WWII?
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ZERO wins for Arabs FOUR losses for Arabs ONE tie for Arabs
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What were the wars fought by the Arabs and Israel?
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Independence War, Suez Crisis (1956), Six Day War (1965), Yom Kippur War (1973), Intifada (1970s-present)
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For the Korean War, what were the positions of North Korea and South Korea?
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North Korea-Communist South Korea-backed the US
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What did North Korea do in 1950?
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North Korea invaded the South
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Who supported South/North Korea?
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UN supported South Korea; China and USSR supported North Korea
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When Stalin died in 1953, who took over?
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Nikita Khrushchev
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Did Khrushchev stick to Stalinism and Authoritarianism?
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retreated from Stalinism, but stuck with authoritarianism
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What did the Secret Speech talk about?
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denounced Stalin and Stalinism
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What happened during the Suez Crisis?
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Gamal Abdel Nasser seized the Suez Canal which had been administered by the British
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Which three nations damaged Egypt?
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Britain, France, and Israel
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Who was Wladyslaw Gomulka and what happened to him?
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He was a communist leader imprisoned by other communists
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After Gomulka got out of jail, what did he do?
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assumed a ranking leadership position within Poland
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Who led the uprising in Hungary?
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Imre Nagy
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What did Imre Nagy want for Hungary?
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he sought greater independence for Hungary; wanted the USSR to get out and have neutrality respected
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In result of Nagy's strong opinions against the USSR, what happened to him?
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Nagy was executed in 1958
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What nation was at the center of the US-USSR tensions?
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Germany
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How were refugees fleeing the Soviet bloc countries?
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through Berlin
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What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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Soviets wanted to put nukes in Cuba
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Who ends up replacing Khrushchev?
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Brezhnev
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What year was Czechoslovakia invaded?
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1968
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What did the Brezhnev Doctrine state?
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USSR had the right to interfere in the domestic affairs of its satellite countries
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What led to decolonization of Europe?
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Europe was unable and unwilling to pay the high costs associated with maintaining empires.
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Which areas were included in the decolonization?
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Africa, Middle East, South and Southeast Asia
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After the French were defeated, what did the US do?
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the US got involved in Vietnam (French Indochina)
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What is the Domino Theory?
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if one country fell to communism, others would fall like dominos
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What did Ho Chi Minh do?
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He helped found the Indochinese Communist Party in 1930 and the League for the Independence of Vietnam.
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Traits of Christian Democratic Parties
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democracy, social reform, economic growth, unity, and economic growth
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What role did communists play in the political process of Western Europe?
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they had no role; they were completely excluded
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Who was Margaret Thatcher?
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Female Prime Minister of United Kingdom who was a member of the Conservative Party
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ECSC
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European Coal and Steel Community
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EEC
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European Economic Community
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What did the Common Market allow?
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free trade among the member countries
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Member Nations of the EU (European Union)
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Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria Cyprus, Czech Republic Denmark, Estonia Finland, France Germany, Gibraltar Greece, Holy See / Vatican City, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain
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Détente did what?
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improved relations with the US and the USSR
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SALT I and SALT II
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Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties
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What ended détente?
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Afghanistan invasion
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What was Solidarity?
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workers went on strike led by Lech Walesa to protest the price increase of meat
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What emerged as an independent union?
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Solidarity
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What did General Jaruzelski do?
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He declared martial law and cracked down on Solidarity
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What did Mikhail Gorbachev want to do?
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reform
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What were Gorbachev's reforms?
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Perestroika, Glasnost, Demokratsiya
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What was the Year of the Revolutions?
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1989
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In the Year of Revolution, what reemerged? What did this lead to?
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solidarity; government ended martial law; solidarity is granted legal recognition
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Who won the 1989 election of Communism vs. Solidarity?
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Solidarity won
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What did Hungary do in relations to Austria?
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Hungary opened its borders with Austria; mass exodus out of Hungary
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What did the Hungary Communist Party change its name to?
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changed its name to the Hungarian Socialist Party and allowed free elections
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What occurred in East Germany in August of 1989?
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popular uprising
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What year was the Berlin Wall opened?
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November 1989
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When was the German reunification?
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February 1990
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In August 1991, what did the communists try to do?
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overthrow Gorbachev
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Who was Boris Yeltsin?
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first democratically elected President of Russia
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Who was Vladimir Putin?
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second democratically elected President of Russia
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The Marshall Plan can be considered (a) a complete failure (b) only moderately successful (c) a great success (d) neither a success nor failure
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D
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Which is the correct post-WWII order for these presidents of the United States? (a) Ford, Carter, Nixon, Reagan, Bush (b) Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Ford, Carter (c) Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Ford, Reagan (d) Johnson, Kennedy, Nixon, Ford, Reagan
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B
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Which is the correct post-WWII order for these leaders of the Soviet Union? (a) Andropov, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Gorbachev (b) Stalin, Khrushchev, Yeltsin, Gorbachev (c) Chemenko, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov (d) none of the above
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C
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Russian Premier Khrushchev's abrupt ending of the 1960 Summit Conference at Paris was caused mainly by (a) an unsatisfactory settlement of the Berlin issue (b) the Cuban Missile Crisis (c) the U-2 incident (d) his demand for President Eisenhower's resignation
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C
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The "most dangerous days" of the Cold War thus far are usually associated with the (a) Korean War (b) construction of the Berlin Wall (c) Cuban Missile Crisis (d) American intervention in Vietnam
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C
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________________ is considered to have been the most powerful Russian leader since Stalin's era. (a) Alexi Kosygin (b) Nikita Khrushchev (c) Leonid Brezhnev (d) Lavrenti Beria
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C
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The strike in _________________ was the catalyst for change in Poland, and led to a change in political leadership. (a) Leningrad (b) Warsaw (c) St. Petersburg (d) Gdansk
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D
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During his presidency, Reagan intensified Cold War rhetoric, describing the Soviet Union as (a) an "evil empire" (b) a "most dangerous place" (c) "hell on earth" (d) none of the above
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A
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________________ became the leading force in moving Germany toward full unification in the 1980s. (a) Gustav Husak (b) Vaclav Havel (c) Janos Kada (d) Helmut Kohl
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D
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The agreement to recognize an independent Bosnia was signed in (a) Washington, D.C. (b) Gdansk (c) Helsinki (d) Dayton, Ohio
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D
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True or False: In 1946 Winston Churchill delivered his famed "Iron Curtain" speech to a joint session of the Congress of the United States.
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False
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True or False: In enunciating the Truman Doctrine in 1947 the President implied that the United States would support free peoples against aggression everywhere in the world.
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True
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True or False: The concept of the "Iron Curtain" is associated with the Roosevelt administration.
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False
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True or False: Egyptian President Nasser in provoking the Middle East Crisis in 1956 was attempting to raise crude oil prices to support vast social programs in his own country.
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False
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True or False: Nationalist movements, colonial revolts, and Cold War politics are all factors in the so-called decolonization movement.
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True
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True or False: South Vietnamese President Diem and American President Kennedy were murdered in the same month.
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True
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True or False: American involvement in Southeast Asia throughout the 1960s allowed western European states to develop independently of American power and influence, and raised serious doubts about United States leadership of the free world.
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True
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True or False: The democratic socialist parties prospered after the onset of the Cold War.
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False
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True or False: The members of the Common Market sought to achieve the elimination of tariffs, a free flow of labor and capital, and similar wage and social benefits in all the participating countries.
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True
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True or False: Under President Jimmy Carter, the United States began a policy of détente with the Soviet Union.
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False
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The tense relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union began in the closing months of _______________ .
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World War II
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The _______________ was a program that provided broad economic aid to European states on the sole condition that they work together for their mutual benefit.
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Marshall Plan
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The murder of _______________ was an early sign of communist intentions in Eastern Europe.
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Jan Masaryk
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The 1955 formation of the _______________ as an eastern-bloc military alliance demonstrated the extent of Cold war politics in Europe.
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Warsaw Pact
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As early as 1917 the British government in issuing the _______________ favored the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
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Balfour Declaration
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It would appear that the U.S. involvement in the early 1950s Korean conflict was interpreted by American policy makers as a success for the concept known as _______________ .
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containment
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The erection of the Berlin Wall occurred during the American presidency of _______________ .
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John F. Kennedy
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The defeat of the French forces in the battle of _______________ effectively ended France's involvement in Indo-China.
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Dien Bien Phu
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President Richard Nixon's policy aimed at the gradual withdrawal of American combat forces from Vietnam was known as _______________ .
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Vietnamization
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Under the policy of _______________ , Gorbachev proposed major economic and political reforms of the various centralized economic ministries.
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perestroika
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During the first half of the twentieth century the groups whose personal and social lives were most dramatically reshaped as a result of the radical transformations imposed by authoritarian governments were all of the following except (a) women. (b) children. (c) Soviet peasants. (d) Eastern European Jews.
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B
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The most significant postwar changes among Christian denominations have been in the (a) Roman Catholic Church. (b) Protestant Church. (c) Anglican Church. (d) Lutheran Church.
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A
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The immigration of Muslims into Western Europe arose from European economic growth and (a) decolonization. (b) discrimination. (c) religious freedom. (d) all of the above
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A
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The most important element of recent European feminism may be (a) legal and civil equality with men. (b) women controlling their own lives. (c) better employment. (d) none of the above
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B
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The intellectual movement that best captured the mood of mid-twentieth century European culture was (a) intellectualism. (b) romanticism. (c) existentialism. (d) classicism.
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C
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All of the following led to a marked change in how numerous Europeans thought about social welfare except (a) decolonization. (b) the rise of authoritarian states. (c) World War II. (d) The Great Depression.
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A
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The first European state to create a welfare state was (a) Germany. (b) Finland. (c) the United States. (d) Great Britain.
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D
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Simone de Beauvoir is the author of ________________, a work that explored the difference being a woman had made in her life. (a) Spare Rib. (b) Courage, Emma. (c) Women for Women. (d) The Second Sex.
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D
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During the 1930s throughout Europe, students in the universities were often affiliated with what political party? (a) Communist Party (b) Democratic Party (c) Republican Party (d) none of the above
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A
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Which of the following philosophers was deeply compromised by his association with the Nazis? (a) Karl Jaspers (b) Martin Heidegger (c) Jean Paul Sartre (d) Albert Camus
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B
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True or False: The National Front, an extreme right-wing group that emerged in France, exploited the resentment of working-class voters toward North African immigrants.
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True
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True or False: Under communism Eastern European women rarely enjoyed social equality or government-financed benefits.
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False
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True or False: In the 1960s, Turkish "guest workers" were invited to move to West Germany to fill a labor shortage that developed after World War II.
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True
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True or False: World War II created a refugee problem, and many people were displaced in central and Eastern Europe as well as the Soviet Union.
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True
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True or False: Student uprisings in the United States and Europe that began in the early 1960s were generally pro-military.
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False
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True or False: The expansion of consumerism in the West helped generate the discontent that brought down communist governments in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.
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True
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True or False: The Iranian Revolution of 1979 embodied the forces of what is commonly called Islamic fundamentalism.
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True
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True or False: Since World War II, the most widely read postwar work on women's issues was Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex.
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True
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True or False: Martin Heidegger was a major forerunner of existentialism.
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False
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True or False: American rock music is an example of the Americanization of European culture.
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True
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________________ led to the migration of many non-European inhabitants to Europe.
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Decolonization
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Both existentialists and romantic writers of the early nineteenth century questioned the primacy of ________________.
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reason
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The term ______________ is often a term of criticism in European publications of the economic and military influence of the United States.
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Americanization
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The Russian invasion of _______________ in 1979 sought to impose a communist government on this Arab nation.
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Afghanistan
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Before World War II, except in _______________ , the two basic models for social legislation were the German and the British.
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Scandinavia
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The decades since World War II have witnessed striking changes in the work patterns and social expectations of European women; as a result, more women have entered the _______________ .
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"learning professions"
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During the late 1920s and the 1930s, _______________ became a substitute religion for some Europeans.
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Communism
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George Orwell expressed his disappointment with Stalin's policy in Spain in ____________ .
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Homage to Catalonia
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The 1986 disaster at _____________ heightened concern about environmental issues in the West.
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Chernobyl
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The _______________ movement originated among the radical student groups of the late 1960s and was concerned with the environment.
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German Green
