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Famous Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling. (Knight Death, and Devil; Four Apostles)

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Albrecht Durer

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Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe although his criticisms of the Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther. he wrote The Praise of Folly, worked for Frobein and translated the New Testament from Greek to Latin(1466-1536)

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Desiderius Erasmus

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a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church

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Christian Humanism

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a period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office

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Great Schism

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English scholar and theologian. He wrote the papal claims of temporal power had no foundation in the Scriptures and that the Scriptures should alone be the foundation of Christian belief and practice. He led the Lollards. (394)

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John Wyclif

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Some Cardinals tried to work together to end the Great Schism. They wanted to end the chaos, as everyone was exasperated with the popes. A problem-solving council of cardinals was opposed by both popes, because it would show that God's authority did not rest solely in the pope's hands.

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conciliarism

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Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

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Indulgences

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a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

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Martin Luther

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written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences

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95 theses

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When Charles V exiled or outlawed Luther from The Holy Roman Empire or any of it's other lands.

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Edict of Worms

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Wanting to be freed from serfdom - destroy everything. Luther is in shock & writes to the princes showing no mercy. The princes' armies kill 100,000 people, and many peasants reject Luther's religious leadership

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German Peasants' Revolt

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reformers who protested some practices of the catholic church

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Protestants

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Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).

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Charles V

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protestant alliance formed by Lutherans against the Holy Roman Empire

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Schmalkaldic League

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1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

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Peace of Augsburg

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Swiss priest who led the protestant movement in Switzerland

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Huldrych Zwingli

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The doctrine of the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist had been established in the Romish church since the fourth Lateran Council in the year 1215. For three hundred years the mass and transubstantiation had been the principal bulwarks of Rome, and her greatest blasphemy. The idea of the corporeal presence of Christ in the holy supper threw a halo of sacred importance around it, excited the imagination of the people and fixed it deeply in their affections. It was the origin of many ceremonies and superstitions, of great wealth and dominion to the priesthood, and the most stupendous miracles were said to be wrought by the consecrated bread, both among the living and the dead. It thus became the corner stone of the papal edifice.

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Sacramentarian Controversy

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A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

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Anabaptists

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French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America

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Jean Calvin

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the belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power

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Predestination

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English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

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Henry VIII

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Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

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Act of Supremacy

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Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447)

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Catholic Reformation

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Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.

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Ignatius loyola

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Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

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Council of Trent

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elaborate an extensive ornamentation in decorative art and architecture that flourished in Europe in the 17th century

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Baroque

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most influential figure of the Roman Baroque whose sculpture emphasizes drama and incites the viewer to respond to it rather than sit and observe; also influential in architecture

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Gianlorenzo Bernini

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invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda; laid basis for formation of distinct political parties; enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjects

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Printing Press

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An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. (p. 401)

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Hanseatic League

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Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries

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Medici Family

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Italian financier and statesman and friend of the pope he helped get into papal office. Supported Brunneleschi's completion of the Duomo. He also commissioned public art for the city of Florence.

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Cosimo de Medici

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A short political treatise about political power how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. Machiavelli explores the problems of human nature and concludes that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own interests

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Machiavelli's The Prince

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May 5, 1527 - A military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States. It marked a crucial imperial victory in the conflict between Charles I of Spain Holy Roman Emperor, and the League of Cognac (1526-1529) — the alliance of France, Milan, Venice, Florence and the Papacy.

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Sack of Rome, 1527

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Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).

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Charles V

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an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics

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Humanism

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the individual is responsible for applying his knowledge for public service

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Civic Humanism

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(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.

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Petrarch

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A work that portrays an acquisitive, sensual, and worldly society through descriptions of merchants, friars, and husbands

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Bocaccio's The Decameron

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Epitomized the main ideas of Italian humanism. Said a successful man was one who could integrate knowledge of ancient languages and history with athletic, musical, and military skills, all while being polite and exhibiting a high moral character.

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Baldassare Castiglione's Book of the Courtier

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The striving for excellence and being a virtuous person. Humanistic aspect of Renaissance.

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virtu

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1400-1468. German goldsmith and printer who is credited with inventing movable printing type in Europe abround 1439. Created the 42-line Gutenberg Bible, noted for its high aesthetic and technical quality. HIs printing technology was a key factor in the European Renaissance, and is considered on eof the most important inventions of all time.

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Johannes Gutenberg

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The cultural and artistic events of 15th century Italy, encompasses the artistic styles of the late Middle Ages (most notably International Gothic) and the early Renaissance.

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quattrocentro

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viewpoint, sense of proportion

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perspective

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The treatment of light and shade in a work of art, especially to give an illusion of depth.

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chiaroscuro

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Italian architect, celebrated for work during Florentine Renaissance. He was anti-Gothic. Foundling Hospital in Florence.

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Brunelleschi

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centered in Rome and the Popes provided tremendous patronage to the arts. It featured classical balance, harmony, and restraint

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High Renaissance

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Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

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Leonardo Da Vinci

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Raphael - Italian Renassaince fresco wall painting of Greek philosophers drawn to scale in accordance with the vantage point of the viewer. The placement, in the center of the archway, of Plato and Aristotle emphasizes the importance of these two central figures. Raphael shows his style of basic one-point perspective converging in a single vanishing point just behind Plato and Aristotle. The exception is the cube in the foreground which gives a two-point perspective. It easy to see, that with the removal of the figures, the building is symmetrically balanced.

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The School of Athens

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A large marble statue made by Michelangelo of the biblical king of the same name. Michelangelo porrays him as a youth just about to do battle with the giant Goliath.

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David

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One of Michelangelo's only paintings, but considered as part of one of his greatest works of art (Creation of Adam)

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Ceiling of the Cistine Chapel

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the movement in Art in Germany and Flanders that reflected greater religious tones; , Emphasized Critical Thinking, Developed Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature

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Northern Renaissance

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a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church

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Christian Humanism

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Written by Erasmus, criticized the Christian Church through the use of satire.

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In Praise of Folly

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a book by Sir Thomas More (1516) describing the perfect society on an imaginary island

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Utopia

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Marchesa of Mantua and one of the leading women of the Italian Renaissance as a major cultural and political figure. She was the regent of Mantua during the absence of her husband.

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Isabella d'Este

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• Payments from the serfs to the lords who owned the lands • Supported the lifestyle of the Nobility • Combined with tithes and taxes, they consumed 50% of the wealth of the land

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Manorial Rents

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• Supported the works of the church

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Parish Tithes

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• The main fare of the peasant diet, monotonous • Two to three pounds a day was the average allotment for a male

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Black Bread

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• Responsible for maintaining order, administering justice, and arbitrating disputes for those working their land • Peasants pay money to Lords • Extinct in England by 16th Century, France by Revolution

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Seigneur

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• More common in Eastern Europe • Payment to a lord in the form of labor service • Aside: Western Europe replaced _______ with labor compensation—wage

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Robot

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• Organized and regulated labor through requirements for training, standards for quality, and the conditions for exchange • Apprenticeship system • 17th Century: obstructed economic innovation through limited scale

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Guilds

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• A laborer could only perform specific tasks • Due to the guild system • More intense in larger cities • Encouraged monopolies

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Specialization of Labor

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• A critical source of household labor • Even extremely poor families had these people to do household tasks • They were not apprentices, however, they could become one

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Domestic Service

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• 1500-1650 • A period where there was a fall in real wages and rapid inflation • Caused by influx of bullion from the Americas, population growth, and monetary debasement • Created town gentry/middle class

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Price Revolution

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• Baltic port • Dominated grain and timber trade of northern Europe • Controlled commerce between Scandinavia and mainland

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Gdansk

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• A principle of orderliness that governed social relations • Created social classes, not necessarily by wealth! • Prevalent in all organizations of society i.e. guilds, government, among nobility

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Hierarchy

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• Determined social hierarchy • Conferred privileges and exacted responsibilities according to rank • Represented in actions, such as bowing and hat doffing, and clothing • Signified in titles

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Status

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• A description of the universe • God is at the top of the chain, inanimate objects are at the bottom • Everything has it's place • Reinforced nature of hierarchy

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Great Chain of Being

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• Describes society's interdependency • Head rules, arms protected, stomach nourished, feet labored • King—the head, Church—the soul, Nobles—the arms, Artisans—the hands, peasants—the feet

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Body Politic

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• In Venice, Italy • A book that distinguished the local elite from the ranks of ordinary citizens

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Book of Gold

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• The best land available, correlated with the wealthy. • Found in Germany. • Those on this land were tied to lord of estate • The ancient part of settlement

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Esch

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• Term used in France to refer to serfs. • French peasants that owned their land revolted against the title

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Villein

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• Widows, Orphans, and the Handicapped • Constituted for more than half the poor in the respected town or village. • Worthy of care from the community through the Church or through private alms givings.

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"Deserving Poor"

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• Men and women capable of working, but incapable of finding more than occasional labor • In England these poor were labeled vagrants and branded • Venetian and Dutch vagrants were gathered and forced to do galley service • Hungary sold into slavery

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Sturdy Beggars

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• Enclosing crop fields by fence or hedge • Kept parcel of land separate from strips of land that belonged to others. • Destroyed the farming traditions of villages • Point of resentment among peasants

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Enclosure

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• Arose in eastern England, peasant opposition to enclosure. • Crushed by well trained forces. • Rebellion was for reform

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Ket's Rebellion

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• Directed against secular and ecclesiastical lords. • Rebels attacked economic and religious abuse. • "Twelve Articles of the Peasants of Swabia" were the demands of the Peasants • Organized into large armies led by professional soldiers • 100,000 peasants slaughtered

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Peasants' War

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• The man's domain • The fields in rural areas • The streets in cities • The field work and taking things to market • Labor service to the lord

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Public Sphere

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Private dealings • A woman's domain while under the care of fathers, masters, or husbands • Household tasks and chores • A woman while stay in this sphere unless she is widowed, when in which she will assume head of the household

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Domestic Sphere

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Occurred in rural parishes • An annual walk around the village fields • Usually occurred before planting began • Led by the priest carrying any particular sacred object that the parish possessed • Followed by the village farmers and in some cases, anyone villager that was able to walk • The priest blessed the fields and prayed for beautiful crop, the farmers assessed the damage done to their fields, the community defined its space, the villagers shared identity

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Annual Perambulation

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took place in towns • might take place on saints' days in Catholic communities or on anniversaries of town liberties • the order of the march, the clothing worn, and the objects displayed the strict hierarchies of the town's organization • Order of this event: governors, guild members (organized by importance of guild and then internally organized by status) • in some towns, wives of citizens marched • ended with feasting and dancing

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Processions

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a ceremony that preceded Lent • a frenzied round of feasts and parties • this resulted in a disproportionate amount of births nine months after • important in creating a shared sense of identity within the community

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Carnival

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celebration of the rebirth of Spring • full of sexual-play among the young adults of the community • boys went "a-Maying" which was placing flowers at the homes of marriageable girls • a Queen of May was elected • dancing and sexual relations took place

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Rites of May

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Occurred when a man or a woman cheated on their spouse, or a man didn't force obedience from his wife. • A man rode backwards on a donkey, to symbolize the misrule in his family • ________ was the English term, other countries used different terms (charivaris in France)

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Skimmingtons

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• Black magic • Utilized beliefs in the presence of spiritual forces in nature • These women were believed to have special power that united them with the devil • Old women usually persecuted "inappropriate and dangerous levels of literacy"

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Witchcraft

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Greatest architect of 14th century

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Peter Parler 1330-1339

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hired Parler for the creation of the Bohemian capital

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Emperor Charless VI 1347-1378

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edict of Emperor Charles VI in 1356--recognizing that German Princes and Kings were autonomous rulers

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Golden Bull

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1337-1452 series of military engagements between England and France--over territorial and dynastic rivalries

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Hundred Years War

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claimed "King" of France in 1340

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Edward III

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cousin of the King, ruled through 16th Century

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Phillip VI

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-large wool industry -England--major supplier -Flanders want major independence from french control

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Flemish Cloth

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ideal of kinghthood, most notably fighting that spread from Northeaster France across Europe in high middle ages

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Chivalry

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more penetrating than the crossbow---shoot from further distances

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Long - Bow

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last significant English victory

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Agincourt

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theives

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Pillage and Plunder

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got Joan of Arc

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Charles VII 1422-1461

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illiterate, but deeply religious girl, helped save her country -- burned at the stake

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Joan Of Arc 1412-1431

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French had this new tool to defeat the English

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Gunpowder

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struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII

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War of Roses

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dynasty founded by Henry VII; includes some of England's most influential monarchs

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Tudors

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commonly referred to on posters--naked,rotting corpses dancing in front of the living

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Dance With Death

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self inflicted pain--believed that if this was done you wouldnt get the black death

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Flagellants

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wrote the Decameron-- which was very graphic

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Giovanni Boccacio 1313-1375

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the plague brought higher wages, and more food because everyone else was gone !

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The Plague Of Insurrection

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Revolt from the peasants-named after Jacques Bonnehomme - archetypal French peasant

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The Jacquerie 1358

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wealthy parisan cloth merchant--led uprising of parisan merchants--they wanted control of royal finances

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Etienne Marcel 1316-1358

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1381. English peasant revolt protesting the attempted passage of a flat tax by Richard II. Led by Wat Tylar and John Bell. The tax is eventually repealed, though many peasants are arrested (most are pardoned).

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English Peasant Revolt

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Florence 1378 wool workers in Florence's most prominent industry who revolted in 1378, some rights won but were taken back by 1392

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Ciompi

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commercial and political alliance of Northern German towns established in late 14th C to monopoly grain and fish trade

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Hanseatic League

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dealing with the even growling poverty #1 public space

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`Addressing Poverty and Crime

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religious organizations of lay people and clergy who ministered the sick and poor

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confraternities

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all purpose religious instituitions providiing lodging for : pilgrims, elderly and ill

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Hospitals

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used for black death patients, to be isolated

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Pest Houses

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unlawful premeditated killing of a human being by a human being

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Execution

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hired to publicly execute "kill"a person or persons

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Executioners

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pope who said that the king, Philip IV of France, must obey the pope; imprisoned by the king, but rescued

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Pope Boniface VII

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Document written by Pope Boniface that states ultimate authority over the church and people's salvation

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Unam Sanctum

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The period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome--Popes made their income higher

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Avignon Papacy

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Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.--get out of hell free card

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Indulgences

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A period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office

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Great Schism

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idea that council could end the Schism--both Popes denied it

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Conciliarism

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In 1408, a council with bishops representing both popes met and elected a new pope, deposing both of the popes they represented. Neither former pope, however, would accept this new rival. Thus, the problem was not solved.

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Council Of Pisa

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goal: not only end schism but reform the church to prevent a recurence--elect Sigismund 1410-1437

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Council Of Constance

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a book that was published, made the "witch crave" happen

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Witch Hammer

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group of instituitions with justice system with justice system- aimed to fight against heretics

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Inquisition

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book of spiritual direction- still widely read after the bible

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Imition Of Christ

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oxford theologian, -A priest and professor at Oxford. -He challenged a number of church practices and tried to reform the priesthood because it was corrupt. -Argued that indulgences were useless and attacked the church for its wealth and luxury. -He had the protection of the King.

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John Wycliffe 1330-1384

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followers of John Wycliffe

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Lollards

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leading proponet of Wycliffes teachings in Prague

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Jan Hus 1373-1415

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dedicated Spiritual Francaism of radical poverty-led to his excommunication by Pope John XXII

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William of Ockham 1300-1349

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(philosophy) the doctrine that the various objects labeled by the same term have nothing in common but their name

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Nominalism

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LIterature not in Latin, used to make statements. Authors became critical of society and its values, and used their vernacular writing to express this.

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Vernacular Literature

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an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)

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Dante Alighieri

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-Father of humanism -celebrated ancient Rome -Classical & Christian values intermingled in his work -Teacher and friend of Giovanni Boccaccio

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Francisco Petrarch 1304-1374

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view of the whole Christian universe from Dante's day

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The Divine Comedy

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"Father of English Poetry" -Iambic Pantameter, rhymed couplet -Wrote in vernacular (Middle English) Expert in characterization and Satire

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Geoffrey Chaucer 1343 -1400

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Re-birth

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Renaissance

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dominant city in the region of Tuscany -banking -cloth/textile

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Florence

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He used light and dark imagery to illustrate different feelings and emotions

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Masaccio

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-Greek Mythology -

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Boticelli

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translated classical styles into more naturalistic forms ( flowing robes )

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Donatello

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challenged the principal of gothic architecture -- dome

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Brunelleschi

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master at everything -artist -scientist -sculptor -engineer -inventor :Last Supper 1498 :Mona Lisa 1503

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Leonardo Da Vinci

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sculpted David in 1504 -painted the systine chapel *wanted to be known for sculpting

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Michaelangelo

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unity in his paintings -portraits

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Francesca

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Madonnas -art is known for visual achievements

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Raphael

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scholar, writer, artist 1404-1472

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Alberti

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technique applying principles of geometry to create the illusion of depth and dimension

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Linear Perspective

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the doctrine that people's duty is to promote human welfare

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Humanism

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1. First to use the term "humanism" 2. Among the most important of the civic humanists 3. Served as a chancellor in Florence 4. Wrote a history of Florence, perhaps the first modern history, and wrote a narrative using primary source documents and the division of historical periods

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Leonardo Bruni

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the art of language -rhetoric -expression

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Philology

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very influential humanist

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Lorenzo Valla

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humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society

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Civic Humanism

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Italian architect and painter

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Leon Battista Alberti

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writer- The Cartier- etiquette book describing the perfect servant

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Baldesar Castiglione

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foundation for realistic 16th century -NO renaissance work has been more crucial

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Niccoio Machiavelli

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vivid prose "men must be pampered or crushed"

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The Prince

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the contrasting of light and darkness

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Chiaroseuro

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shading

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Sfumato

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self-governing political units centered upon an urban area

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City State

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powerful family--, an important family of bankers in Florence, Italy who controlled Florence and used their wealth to support artists and scientists.and hire popes

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Medicis

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established 2 blanced alliances -Florence and Milan -Venice and Naples *didnt bring peace

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Peace of Lodi

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conquered constantinople and athens and threatened rome

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Mehmed II

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started when Naples, Florence and Papal States united against Milan

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The Wars of Italy

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- Hybrid Ships -Chinese, Europeans, and Chinese had them -ideal for ocean travel- can travel with whatever wind

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Caravels

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sent voyages to africa -had cartographers, ship builders, sailors, and scientists with him on board - accumulated detailed accounts of voyages

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Prince Henry the Navigator

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portugese navigator *cape of good hope -hit the tip of Africa and went back

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Bartolomeau Dias

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rounded the "cape of good hope" -sailors died of scurvy, mal-nutrition -journey took 2 years -spices he brought back were worth $$

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Vasco de Gama

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muslims and portugese wanted Africans -sold them for money -used for work

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Slave Trade

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portugese general -conquered ports in middle east -get and protect ships

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Alfonso de Albuquerque

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sailed the ocean blue in 1492 -discovered new world -wanted to do it for portugal, they didnt want him to -so he went to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain - Landed in bahamas - Nina Pinta Santa Monica - his ships

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Christopher Columbus

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New World

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Mundus Novos

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confirmed portugals right to eastern route to indies-- and any undiscovered land east of imaginary line west of cape verde - pope alexander VI set a line of demarcation dividing non-euro world into 2 zones

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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crossed land passage in panama ---first euro to see pacific ocean

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Vasco Nunez De Balboa

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set off in 1519 ---fought mutiny,storms and tropical heat ------goal:to reach spice lands by sailing westward

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Ferdinand Magellan

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when english explorers met the native americans---exchanged knowledge, disease (syphilis) and ideas

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Columbian Exchange

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conquerer--looked for gold ----convert natives to christianity -------gain measure to profit from venture ---------------brought syphilis to europe -------------------conquered aztecs-killed many of them

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Hernando Cortes

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"conquerers" spanish adventures

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Conquistadores

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wiped out peruvians --1531 conquered peruvian empire

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Francisco Pizarro

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motives for European explorers --Gold-spices ----God-missionary to convert other>catholic -------Glory-discover new world

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GOD GLORY GOLD

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ones of the greatest work of portugese literature

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Lusiads

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championed the cause of the native inhabitants at the court of the spanish kings

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Bartolone De Las Lasas

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Spice Islands

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Indonesia

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navigation tool to determine their latitude at sea

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Astrolobe-

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Deeply religious girl. Came to Charles VII and claimed to have heard the voices of saints ordering her to save Orleans. Fought in the Hundred Years War and helped the French. Captured by the English. Burned as a heretic.

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Joan of Arc

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English aristocratic families (with their armies) fighting other families for control. Lancaster vs York. Henry Tudor wins (Henry VII). Tudor dynasty begins in England.

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Wars of the Roses

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Large, powerful kingdom with territory throughout central Europe Spanned from the North and Baltic Seas to the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas and from Bohemia to Burgundy Emperor Charles IV (1355-1378) Occupied almost entirely by Germanic people Decentralized

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Holy Roman Empire

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• Passed the Golden Bull • Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire • Turned Prague into a cultural center • Fostered a literary and artistic Renaissance • Gave up political power as Emperor

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Emperor Charles IV

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• Edict passed by Emperor Charles IV • Holy Roman Emperor chosen by seven great princes of the empire without consultation with the pope • Reduced power of emperor

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Golden Bull

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• Virulent combination of pneumonia, bubonic plague, septicemia • Killed a third to one half of European population • Loss of social and moral codes • Created a labor surplus • Infrastructure fell apart as farming, manufacturing went dormant

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Black Death/ Plague

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• Labor surplus led to higher wages for peasants • Nobles, aristocracy did not want to pay more, demanded pre-plague wages • Local nobles, French king increase taxes, local demands • Peasants revolt, not chivalric in nature • Anticlerical (attacked church structure) • Ended by completed dissection of French Army

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Jacquerie

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• Wealthy Parisian cloth merchant • Angered with the French aristocracy, elite • Wanted to control French finances and fiscal reforms • Followers included merchants, guild elite, and peasants • Ended by complete force of the French Army

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Etienne Marcel

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Monopolized northern grain trade along Baltic Coast League had rights to export Scandinavian fish throughout Europe Influx of Baltic Grain sent Europe into a 200+ year depression

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Hanseatic League

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• Clement V (1305-1314) moved papacy to Avignon in 1305 from Rome • Under French control • Home of papacy from 1305-1377 • Papacy concentrated on legal and fiscal reforms • Led to Great Schism

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Avignon

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• Pope transfers positive balance to sinners in return for pious acts including contributing money to church • Could be purchased for ones own use or to assist souls of family members in purgatory • Major source of church's revenue

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Indulgences

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• Second source of major revenue, especially for Papal income • B/c Popes could appoint bishops/other leaders they would also collect taxes for such appointments • Benefices are Church offices • Encouraged pluralism: individuals could acquire many benefices

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benefices

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• 1377: Pope Gregory XI returned papacy to Rome; died immediately after • Italians surrounded church demanding Italian Pope • Cardinals elected Urban VI who insulted all Italian Cardinals; Cardinals claim election null-and-void, elect Clement VII who takes up residence at Avignon • Church has two Popes • Great Schism created many questions: "Where do taxes go, where do appointments come from?" • Divided Europe

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Great Schism

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• Idea that a church council could end schism • Popes disliked b/c it suggested that an assembly of the Church had more power than the Pope • At first worsened situation, electing a third Pope

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Conciliarism

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• Held from 1414 to 1418 • Under Emperor-Elect Sigismund, cardinals, bishops, abbots, and theologians from across Europe met to resolve the Great Schism • Idea that Popes power could be controlled through frequent councils • Ends multiplicity of Papal office • Elected the impartial Pope, Martin V, ends schism

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Council of Constance

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• Handbook for hunting witches, including procedures to induce their confessions • Written by Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger • Natural disasters such as plague and human disasters promoted fear of witchcraft, "witches" were blamed for troubles • Accused witches were most commonly women on the margins of society • Started witch hunting craze

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Witches Hammer

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• 1330-1384 • Unorthodox Christian who questioned the church's right to wealth • Said that the value of ideals depended on the worthiness of the priest • Protected by secular lords and followers in England • Held ideas such as that Christ was present in Eucharist only in spirit, indulgences were useless and predestination was more important individual merit

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John Wycliffe

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• Followers of John Wycliffe • Weren't suppressed until Henry V took power • Support made Wycliffe popular and protected him from persecution

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Lollards

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• Leading teacher of Wycliffe's ideas in Prague, rejected his ideas about priests • Demanded reform of church's morals • Led attack on German dominance in Bohemia • Followers were called "Hussites" • Excommunicated by Pope John XXIII • Burned at the stake for heresy by the Council of Constance • His execution caused revolt in Bohemia • Martin Luther a follower

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Jan Hus

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• Defended radical poverty- was excommunicated by Pope John XXIII • Said that church couldn't be based on logic, must be believed • Nominalism—denied reason could lead to truth • Believed that the church shouldn't have a role in the government • Denied absolute authority of the pope • Church should have elected officials • Defended radical poverty

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William of Ockham

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• Doctrine of William of Ockham • Stated that reason could not lead to truth • Focused on names given to things rather than reality • Belief that philosophical speculation was essentially logical, linguistic exercise, not a way to certain knowledge

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Nominalism

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• An Italian poet • Wrote The Divine Comedy—a poem • About hell, purgatory, and heaven • Reflected his views on politics through his poetry • Advanced writer for his time • Made Italian a literary language

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Dante Alighieri

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• A poem by Dante Alighieri • Divided into three parts—journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven • Summary of good and bad in politics and culture in medieval times • View of the whole Christian universe • Written in the last years of Dante's life

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The Divine Comedy

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• An English author and poet • His work weaved together a spectrum of late medieval literature and life • His most famous work is Canterbury Tales • Greatest English author before Shakespeare

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Geoffrey Chaucer

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• Written by Geoffrey Chaucer • Involved characters from every spectrum of medieval society and every walk of life • Drawn from folklore, Italian literature, lives of Saints, courtly romance, and religious sermons • Used characters to comment on social, religious, and political life during the later Middle Ages

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The Canterbury Tales

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• First woman to make a living writing • Wrote conventional love poems and autobiographical poems • Wrote Hymn to Joan of Arc • Fought against medieval stereotypes of women • Opened up new possibilities for women • Brought dignity to women, strived for justice and for peace in France

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Christine de Pisan

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• Three main causes were the fight over Gascony, Flemish- cloth town revolts, and the dispute over the heir to the French throne. • Underlying cause is chivalry • English successes early on due to a more tactical leader (Edward III) • Salvation of France comes with Joan of Arc and gunpowder • Resulted in the English War of the Roses, higher taxes, and Italian banks bankrupted

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Hundred Years War

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• Rebirth of thinking and renewed fascination of the Classical world • Emphasis on humanity • An era of rapid transitions • Three distinct phases (1350 - 1550) - First: decline in population, uncovering of classical texts, experimentation with art forms. - Second: artistic and literary achievements. - Third: invasion from France and Spain transformed Italian political life, ideas from Italian writers and artists spread across Europe

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Renaissance

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• Father of humanism • Italian poet • Denounced the Babylonian captivity of the papacy • Considered church leaders as poor examples, saw them as materialistic • Among the first to differentiate the new age of the Renaissance • "Christ is my God; Cicero is the prince of the language I use."

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Petrarch

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• Architect and engineer • One of the three Florentine Renaissance masters • Recombined basic elements of Gothic architecture with classical structures, based designs on geometric principles • First Renaissance artist to understand and make use of perspective • Greatest work was the dome on the Cathedral in Florence

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Brunelleschi

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• Florentine master, interested in nude artwork • Revived the freestanding and equestrian statues • Translated classical styles into naturalistic forms • Use of linear perspective • Well-known for his bronze statue of David

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Donatello

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• Florentine master, extremely influential paintings • Used inspiration of the Ancients to emphasize nature and perspective • Famous frescoes and was praised for his naturalism • Best known works: - The Expulsion of Adam and Eve(1425) - The Holy Trinity

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Massaccio

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• Scholar, artist, architect, mathematician, poet, playwright, musician and inventor • Wrote "On Architecture", and "4 Books on the Family". • "4 Books on the Family" about raising children, choosing wives, and managing domestic affairs • Employed by the Papal Court • Showed classical form can be applied to traditional spaces

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Leon Batista Alberti

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• Florentine painter • Mythologies depart from naturalism of the time • Painted Birth of Venus and Goddess of Love • Paintings concerned beauty and personality

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Sandro Botticelli

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• Italian Renaissance artist and mathematician • First to challenge Donatello • Trained in the tradition of Masaccio • Focused on visual unity in his paintings • Concentrated on technical aspects of composition • Well-known for his fresco The Resurrection (1463)

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Piero della Francesca

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• The epitome of the Renaissance Man • Image of Renaissance • Detailed anatomical drawings, engineered inventions, painted using science and math • Well-known for his works Mona Lisa(1503 - 1506), The Last Supper and La Gioconda • Recorded detailed anatomical drawings of body

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Leonardo da Vinci

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• Paintings and sculptures used classical style • Very popular in Rome • Well-known for his work on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the dome of St. Peter, Creation of Man, his sculpture of David, and the Pieta • He claimed to have imbibed his love of sculpture from the milk of his wet nurse, who was the wife of a stonecutter

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Michelangelo

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• Head of Medici Family • Diplomat • Held strong humanist values • Grandson of Cosimo de Medici • Spread artistic creativity in Florence

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Lorenzo de' Medici

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• First popularized in Renaissance Italy • Secular in outlook, but not anti-religious • Focused on philology and rhetoric • Reacted strongly against scholasticism • Celebrated worldly achievements • Civic humanists saw their studies as a means of improving themselves and their societies • Christian humanists applied their techniques to the study of the authorities and texts of the church

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humanism

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• Renaissance author • Influenced by Plato • Oration on the Dignity of Man • Believed that people determined their own fate

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Pico della Mirandola

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• Influential humanist, studied in Philology • Incorporated humanism and liberal arts into politics • Proved that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery through application of philology and therefore proved all papal claims based upon it were without merit

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Lorenzo Valla

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• Leader of the humanist movement after Petrarch • Stressed the importance of the works of Cicero, Plato, and Aristotle • Considered greatest Greek scholar of his day

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Leonardo Bruni

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• The study of words, their meaning, and their grammatical structure • A leading concern of humanists • Lorenzo Valla

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Philology

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• 1478-1529 • Wrote "The Courtier" in 1516 • Prominent author during the Renaissance

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Baldesar Castiglione

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• Wrote "The Prince" and "Discourses on Livy, published after his death • Father of modern political theory

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Niccolo Machiavelli

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• An etiquette book for aristocratic men • Published in 1516 • Written by Baldesar Castiglione

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The Courtier

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• Written by Niccolo Machiavelli • Advice to monarchs on how to use and maintain their power over the people • Not published until 1532

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The Prince

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• One of the five city-state powers of Italy • Hereditary monarchy • Peace was not established until 1443, by Alfonoso I of Aragon after continuous civil war

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Naples

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• City-state in Renaissance Italy • Major concern was preventing foreign invasion • Northern Italy • Economy was oriented toward Switzerland and Germany

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Milan

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• Center of Renaissance culture • One of the wealthiest cities in Europe • Northern Italy • 15th Century was ruled by the Medici banking family • Economy based on wool

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Florence

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• Water was source of prosperity (trade) • Located on head of Adriatic sea (Northwest) • Was ruled by the hereditary elite and the Doge

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Venice

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• Capital was Rome • Only city-state governed by a hereditary monarchy • Pope did not rule, only resided there • Alphonso I of Aragon gained throne, peace was restored

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Papal States

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• Ruler of Venice • Title, not name • Was the elected chief of the magistrate

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doge

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• 1401-1456 • Great military leader in Renaissance Italy • Seized power in Milan and became the Duke

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Francesco Sforza

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• Name given to the leaders of the mercenary groups in Renaissance Italy. • Mostly used in the wars against the Italian city-states. • Sold services to the highest bidder. • Dangerous, even to their allies. • Often deserted their allies and drove them to bankruptcy.

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Condottieri

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• 1454 • Established 2 balanced alliances of the city-states 1. Florence and Milan 2. Venice and Naples • Was unsuccessful in bringing about lasting peace • The states and the papacy pledged mutual non-aggression which lasted for only 40 years. • The large states continued to overtake the smaller cities and creating a quasi-empires.

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Peace of Lodi

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• Means "rule by the few" • A government ruled by an elite few. • Example: ethnos was governed by an elite (oligarchy) • Made up of major land owners • Wealthier citizens governed

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Oligarchy

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• Italian "lordship" in Italian city-states • Ruling council in Florence's republican form of government • Followers among the artisans to maintain eligibility of voters. • Emergency powers established to reduce number of citizens qualified to vote for the Signoria.

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Signoria

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• Ruled in Florence • Patriarch of the Medici family banking company • Established a form of loose rule over the city • Secured a century long dynasty • Able to gain controlling influence on Signoria • Sought to make peace between Naples & Florence • One of the richest men in Christendom- 1434 • Practical- taught children humanistic principles • Funded Palazzo Medici • Grandfather of Lorenzo de' Medici

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Cosimo de' Medici

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• Known as "The Conqueror" • One of the greatest military geniuses in history • Consolidated expansions of the Ottoman Empire in Asia minor • Organized the siege of Constantinople • Ottoman sultan at age of 19

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Mehmed II

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• Series of wars that uprooted Italian hegemony • Began as Naples, Florence, and the Papal States against Milan • Milan called for help- the French and the Swiss • In retaliation, Venice and the Papal states called for Spain (Aragon) and the Holy Roman Empire • Foreign powers fighting for dynastic supremacy • Ended in destruction of the Italian peninsula • Sack of Rome (1527)- German mercenaries • Italian unification delayed and Italian culture became background in European development

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Wars of Italy

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• The center of power, wealth, and culture in the Christian world during the beginning of the 15th century • Dotted the Italian peninsula • Differed in size, shape, and form • Milan • Florence • Venice • Naples • the Papal States

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City-states

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• Portuguese • Attempted to establish southern bases • Helped capture North African port of Ceuta from the Muslims (1450) • Wanted to make contact with Africans and find an alternative route to India and the far east around Africa • Opened trade in ivory, gold & slaves

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Prince Henry the Navigator

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• Portuguese explorer • Cavalier of the Royal Court • Rounded the Southern tip of Africa and opened the eastern African shores to Portuguese traders • First to pass the Cape of Good Hope

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Bartolomeu Dias

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• Portuguese explorer • Rounded the Cape of Good Hope and took the first Portuguese fleet across the Indian Ocean • Returned to Lisbon with valuable spices of the east after a two year journey

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Vasco de Gama

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• Portuguese • Understood the need for strategically placed garrisons (place of residence and armory for the soldiers) • Conquered vital parts of Middle East and India

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Alfonso de Albuquerque

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• Italian • Was funded by Isabella de Castile • Landed in the Americas (October 12, 1492) • Landed with the ships the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María • Originally sailed to find a water route to Asia • Returned from his expedition with gold, encouraging future exploration

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Christopher Columbus

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• First to circumnavigate the globe • Died when he undertook a position in a Filipino war • The crew continued on a 90 day crossing of the Pacific and completed the journey without him

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Ferdinand Magellan

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• Crossed the land passage of Panama • First European to see the Pacific Ocean (it's name comes from the Spanish word "pacifica", which means peaceful • Refueled Spanish ambitions to find a passage to the Indies via the Pacific Ocean

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Vasco Nunez de Balboa

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• Colonized New World in three main interests of the Crown, gold, new land and convert natives to Christianity • Was mistaken for Quetzalcoatl by the Aztecs due to his light skin and beard • 1521, Conquered Aztecs • 1522, conquers area as large as Spain

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Hernando Cortes

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• 1531 • Conquered Incas in Peru. • Vastly expanded the territory under the Spanish control. • Major profit from gold and silver mines went to Spain. • The gold and silver discoveries helped fund the Spanish dynastic ambitions in Europe.

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Francisco Pizarro

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• Largest European political unit. • Heir to ancient state of Russia through conquest, alliance and good fortune. • Its military successes were almost unbroken. • Land once gained was never lost. • Famous rulers o Ivan III o Ivan IV o Michael Romanov

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Muscovy

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• Had no competitors for his throne which helped administer new Muscovite territories. • Expands Muscovy North and West. • Military successes almost unbroken. • Wars waged to secure agricultural territory. • Facilitates phenomenal growth. • Extended the privileges of his nobility and organized a military class that received land as a reward for fidelity.

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Ivan III, the Great

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• Defeated Mongols • Greatest ambition was to gain a portion of the Baltic Sea to establish a northern outlet for commerce. • Military campaigns in north weaken southern border. • 1571- Crimean Tatars burn Moscow. • Severe distrust of the boyars which leads to Time of Troubles which led to several thousand families to be massacred.

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Ivan IV, the Terrible

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• One of three Muscovite society groups. • Hereditary nobility. • Powerful landlords of great estates. • Inherited lands did not benefit from expansion or conquest. • Obtained influence and government posts through their military support of princes. • Occupied the highest state offices through a council advised the prince. • Used as legislative advisers and in Ivan IV parliamentary council.

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boyars

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• Chosen tsar by assembly of landlords • Comes to power during Russian Time of Troubles • Time of Troubles was a crisis of legitimacy in the Russian crown around 1601 • Humiliating peace with Swedes in return for Swedish assistance against the Poles

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Michael Romanov

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• Kingdom spanned from the Baltic to Black Seas. • Crowns of Polish and Lithuanian Kingdoms in 14th Century. • Divided Teutonic Knight Territories. • The nobility developed strong local interest that increased over time.

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Poland- Lithuania

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• Royal dynasty originating from Lithuanian House of Gediminas dynasty that reigned in Central European countries between the 14th and 16th century • At close of 15th Century Jagiellon family rules Poland, Lithuania, Bohemia, and Hungary

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Jagiellon Dynasty

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• Began Tudor Dynasty at the end of the English War of the Roses • Married Elizabeth of York. • Extended power of Crown and restored order. • Financial problems limited domestic and international affairs. • Put an end to dynastic instability • Created a new peerage, new nobles indebted to Henry VII

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Henry VII Tudor

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• Set up administration departments (e.g. State, Revenue Keeping) • Chief minister of Henry VIII from 1532 to 1540 • Expanding power of Privy Court (King's executive body)

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Thomas Cromwell

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• Ruled France post Hundred Years Wars. • Expanded power of Crown. • Subdued nobility. • AKA "The Spider" • Took control of powerful fiefs: Brittany and Orleans

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Louis XI

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• A direct French tax which nobles were exempt. • Heavy burden on people in comparison to English tax counterpart.

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taille

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• A consumption tax on salt • Mostly throughout the Kingdom of France • Tax fell on all of the 3rd estate • No matter how poor a family was the tax had to be paid • Money used to raise army

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gabelle

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• Tax on various commodities such as meat and wine • Many complaints on the tax • French Monarchy established a broad base for taxation with a high degree of compliance before other European countries

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aide

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• Secretly exchanged wedding vows with Isabella of Castile • Marriage united France • Father was John II • Worked to forge Spanish states • Date:1479-1516

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Ferdinand of Aragon

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• Married Ferdinand of Aragon • Marriage united France • Worked to form Spanish states • Recovered land conquered by Moors

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Isabella of Castile

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• Created national identity for Spanish Christians • Date: circa 1480 • The re-capture and re-Christianization of the conquered territories. • Completed in 1492 • Expelled Jews from Spain • Collected Spanish settlers for an army

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reconquista

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• People who converted to Christianity • Became most powerful members of church and state • Was taken over by a tribunal church • Date: Late 14th Century

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converses

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• Emperor of Holy Roman Empire • Alliance With England • Victory over France at Pavia (1524) • Victory Seemingly made him the master of Europe • Alliance with France after the marriage of France to Charles' sister • Date: 1500s

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Emperor Charles V

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• King of France • Led troops against the Holy Roman Empire • Captured by Charles V • Alliance with England through the marriage of Charles's sister • Date: 1500s

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Francis I of France

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• Circa 1350 • Phillip VI (1328-1350) was the first king of France from Valois • Both the Kings of France and the Dukes of Burgundy share ancestry from the Valois Dynasty • Pitted against Habsburg Empire in the 16th century • Saved by Joan of Arc (1429)

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Valosi Dynasty

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• Claimed many lands (Germany, Spain, Hungary, Bohemia, Silesia, Moravia, Naples, Sardinia, and part of the Netherlands) • Fueded with Valois 1522-1544, ended with the treaty of Crespy (Rule of King Charles) • One of the most powerful empires in Europe

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Habsburg Empire

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• 1559 • Brought to close the sixty year conflict in 1559 • Henry II released from jail, celebrated treaty as victory • France and Spain declare bankruptcy

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Treaty of Cateau- Cambresis

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• Dominican Priest • Published Apologetic History of the Indies in 1550 • Highlighted complexity of native societies and their destruction.

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Bartolome de las Casas

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• Circa 1570's • Wrote Lusiad, one of the greatest Portugese literatures (1572) • Spoke of how New World had surpassed old World in conquest and exploration

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Luis de Camoes

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The after affects of Columbus' discovery of the New World • Exchange of ideas, people, microbes, plants, and animals between the New World and Europe • Cocoa beans, tomatoes, potatoes, horses, pigs, dogs, and cows

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Columbian Exchange

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• 1479-1516 • Effort to convert conquered Muslims and Jews to Christianity • 1492- Jews expelled from Spain • Led to religious unity and enhanced political centalization • Conversos- people who converted but still practiced their old religion in secret. • Tortured and killed heretics • King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella ruled during this time

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Spanish Inquistion

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• 1494 • Confirmed Portugals rights to eastern routes to the Indies and undiscovered lands east of Cape Verde islands • Entitled Portugal to Brazil • Spanish got land west of the line • Line drawn through South America by the Pope

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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• Invented process for printing with movable type • Published Bibles in 1450s • Made reading more available

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Johannes Gutenberg

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• A program of reform rather than philosophy • Powerful, intellectual movement • Revival of classic literature • Analyzed the Bible to understand Christ and the Apostles • Interested in education of women • Sir Thomas More and Desiderius Erasmus were major humanists • Scholasticism was a dominant way of teaching in universities and schools

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Christian Humanism

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• Dutch, Christian Humanist, religious reformer • The Praise of Folly (1509) • Published first Greek Edition of the New Testament. • Dedicated his life to "restoring the connection of the individual Christian to the textual basis of the Christian Doctrine." • His goal was to make the experiences of Christ the focus of Christianity again, rather than the traditions and superstitions.

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Desiderius Erasmus

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• London Lawyer and Scholar. • Christian humanist • Wrote Utopia, a book describing his vision of the perfect society • Devoted to traditional church • Statesman to Henry VIII, rejected Henry's break from Rome and the church, beheaded for treason

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Sir Thomas More

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• Bible that combined Greek, Latin, Hebrew and vernacular biblical texts • A team of scholars at University of Alcala worked for 15 years on it. • To find Latin they went to Greek and to find Greek they went to Hebrew.

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Polyglot Bible

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• Written by Erasmus along the lines of Thomas More's conversations. • One of the Best Sellers in publishing history in 1509. • Includes Satire.

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In Praise of Folly

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• A Dominican friar, hired to preach the benefits of indulgence. • Served as a competition to churches and other clergy. • Martin Luther went against him and stated that grace couldn't be bought.

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Johann Tetzel

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• Ruler of Saxony. • Collector of nearly 17,000 relics. • A prime example of religion during the time period; Relics and possessions were the way to eternal life. • Banned the sell of indulgences

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Frederick III the Wise

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• A German professor • Became a priest in 1507 • Attacked powerful patrons in Wittenberg • Made 95 Theses • Always felt guilty for his sins and was excommunicated from Pope Leo X • Believed the papacy was a human rather than divine intention. • sola fide, sola scriptura - by faith alone, Bible is authority and taken literally

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Martin Luther

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• Attacked indulgences and their sale • Written by Martin Luther • Basis of Protestantism

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95 Theses

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• Martin Luther's Spiritual philosophy that justification came by faith alone • Sin could not be washed away by penance

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sola fide

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• Martin Luther's philosophy that God's mercy came through the knowledge and contemplation of the word of God. • All that was needed to understand God's justice is in the Bible

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sola scriptura

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• Reformed religion in the town of Zurich • 1519- Stricken by Plague o In his struggle he came to a personal realization of the power of God's mercy • Reformed Theology, Beliefs include: o Church had to recover purity o Equality of believers o Justification by faith alone

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Huldrych Zwingili

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• Switzerland • 1536 - John Calvin becomes Religious Reformer • 1559- Calvin establishes University of Geneva.

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Geneva

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• German town • 1517- Pope sells indulgences to rebuild St. Peters o Sales administered by Johann Tetzel, Prince Albert of Brandenburg • Martin Luther posted Ninety-five Theses on the door of the Wittenberg castle church which attacked the sale of indulgences

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Wittenberg

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• Institutes of a Christian Religion (1536) • Reformer of the Genevan Church - Calvinist Faith o Salvation from God's grace, predestined • Contributions to religious reform include: o Church structure o Discipline • Calvinism attracted Princes because of its independent structure (unlike Catholicism)

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John Calvin

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• A fundamental principle of Calvin's theology • Christians are destined to go to heaven or hell • Those destined to damnation were to be governed by those destined to salvation

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Predestination

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• Corrected abuses of the church o Sale of indulgences o Obligations of priests and bishops to preach to their congregations • Italian pope held upper hand at Council • Near total victory for Catholicism

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Council of Trent

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• 1509-1547 • Consolidated power in England • Second Tudor king • Confiscated the wealth of the church o Established Anglican Church to get a divorce • Head of the Church of England • Responsible for dividing up administration and reforming power

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Henry VIII

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• 1485-1536 • Henry VIII's first wife • Could not produce male heir • When they divorced, a great dispute came between the papacy and the crown

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Catherine of Aragon

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• 1507-1536 • Henry VIII's second wife o Reason for quick divorce from Catherine • Gave birth to daughter (Queen Elizabeth I) • Convicted of adultery • Beheaded in 1536

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Anne Boleyn

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• 1489-1556 • Archbishop of Canterbury o England's highest ecclesiastical officer • Practiced Lutheran reforms • Allowed the divorce of Henry and Catherine and let him marry a second time • Marked the start of a break with Rome • Executed by Mary I in later Reformation

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Thomas Cranmer

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• 1485-1540 • Chief Minister to Henry VIII • Divided administration by creating separate departments of state • Advised English parliament to make Henry VIII supreme head of the English church • Sponsored Lutheran reforms

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Thomas Cromwell

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• 1536 • Gentry and common people opposed the abolishment of the monasteries • Most serious threat to British Monarchy since the War of the Roses

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Pilgrimage of Grace

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• 1516-1558 • Child of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII • Reestablished Roman Catholicism • Forced many subjects into exile • Provoked two major revolts

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Mary Tudor

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• 1563 • Made Calvinism more demanding by exiles • Created the Calvinist Doctrine • Maintained traditional practices

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39 Articles

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• 1520s • Negative label for radical religious extremists • Part of radical reformation • Protestants that varied in belief but agreed on adult baptism • Spread to southern Bohemia and the eastern edges of the Holy Roman Empire • Greatly persecuted • Threatened the establishment of Orthodox Protestantism

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Anabaptists

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• 1520s • Anabaptists who settled in southern Bohemia were Moravian • Secured land for communities • Converted many nobles to their beliefs • Split on decision of pacifism when the Turkish armies began advancing on them • Survived and spread to Hungary and Poland

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Moravian Brethren

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• Early-to-Mid 1500s • Menno Simons (1496-1561) - organized followers known as the Mennonites • They were the Dutch Anabaptists • Evangelical protestant sect, noted for their simplicity in lifestyle and plain dress

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Mennonites

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• 1427 • Central text of the New Piety • Thought to be written by Thomas à Kempis (1397-1471) • One of the most influential works of the Later Middle Ages • Taught that Christian life should be lived according to Jesus' dictates as expressed in the Sermon on the Mount

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The Imitation of Christ

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• 1436-1517 • Organized the first new translation project of the 16th century (aka the Polyglot Bible) • Was a Cardinal, Arch Bishop of Toledo, and Primate of Spain • Undertook a reorganization of Spanish religious life in the late 15th century • Project took the sting out of Protestant attacks on clerical abuse

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Jimenez de Cisneros

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• 1495-1543 • Reforming bishop of Verona • Emphasized frugal life and the role of bishops as pastors • Helped the poor and homeless, and improved the opinion of the Church

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Gian Matteo Giberti

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• Early 1500s • Sought to follow the strictest rule of the life of St. Francis of Assisi • New orders received papal charters • Devotion to a spiritual life of sacrifice

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Catholic Devotionalism

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• 1515-1582 • Led the reform of the Carmelites • Entered a convent at a young age • Believed that women had to withdraw from the world to achieve true devotion • Founded convents and religious houses for women • Wrote The Way of Perfection (1583) • She had mystic visions

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Saint Teresa of Avila

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• Young unmarried girls, lives with their families • Met monthly • Began in Northern Italy (spread to France) • Devoted to teaching other women • Lived chaste lives

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Ursulines

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• He was a self taught religious reformer • Started out training for military (service of Castile) • Claims to have been called directly by Jesus • Wrote The spiritual Exercises • 1540- together with Pope Paul III he established the society of Jesus • Followers were Jesuits ("soldiers of God") • 1566- became full time administrator in Rome

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Ignatious of Loyola

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• Founded by Ignatious of Loyola and approved by Pope Paul III • Founded at a time when the spiritual needs of the church were being extended outside the confines of Europe • Called Jesuits "Soldiers of God" • Both military and religious

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Society of Jesus

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• Written by Ignatious of Loyola • Handbook for Catholic devotion

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The Spiritual Exercises

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• Disciple of Ignatious • Sent to Portugal for 10 years • Converted people to Catholicism in Portuguese port cities and in the East in India and Japan

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Francis Xavier

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• Movement influenced by Erasmus, Luther, and Zwingli • Originated among the Brethren of the Common Life in Germany • Emphasized personal religious practice • Influenced Christian Humanism • Based on The Imitation of Christ 1427

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New Piety

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• Originally involved with funding crusades • Church bastardized the idea to sales of good deeds • No mention in spiritual texts • Spiritual bank account

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Indulgences

Ap History Unit 1 Ap Euro Unit – Flashcards

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