AP European History Chapter 18 Review – Flashcards
39 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 39question
Letters on the English
answer
Written by Voltaire, this book praised the virtues of the English and indirectly criticized the abuses of French society.
Unlock the answer
question
Candide
answer
In this, Voltaire's most famous satire, Voltaire attacked war, religious persecution, and what he regarded as unwarranted optimism about the human condition.
Unlock the answer
question
Treatise on Tolerance
answer
Written by Voltaire, this hounded the authorities for a new investigation of the case of Jean Calas
Unlock the answer
question
Montesquieu
answer
A lawyer, noble of the robe, and a member of the provincial parlement, he was a brilliant philosophe who wrote "The Persian Letters" and "Spirit of the Laws."
Unlock the answer
question
The Persian Letters
answer
Written by Montesquieu, this satirized contemporary institutions using letters purportedly written by two Persians visiting Europe. The letters described how European behavior contrasted with Persian life.
Unlock the answer
question
Spirit of the Laws
answer
Written by Montesquieu, this work deemed the British constitution as the wisest model for regulating the power of government.
Unlock the answer
question
Diderot
answer
Along with Jean le Rond d'Albert, he authored the "Encyclopedia."
Unlock the answer
question
Rousseau
answer
Easily the most radical of the philosophes, this man frequently clashed with Voltaire. He authored "Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences," "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality," and "The Social Contract." All of his works were radical and highly critical interpretations of society.
Unlock the answer
question
Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences
answer
Written by Rousseau, this contented that the process of civilization and enlightenment had corrupted human nature.
Unlock the answer
question
Discourse on the Origin of Inequality
answer
Written by Rousseau, this blamed much of the evil in the world on the uneven distribution of property.
Unlock the answer
question
The Social Contract
answer
Written by Rousseau, this clashed with Locke's ideas on individualism. Rousseau contended that society is more important that its individual members
Unlock the answer
question
Adam Smith
answer
The author of "The Wealth of Nations" and is often considered the father of capitalism.
Unlock the answer
question
The Wealth of Nations
answer
Written by Smith, this advocated that a free market economy would be more beneficial to society. Smith's theories went hand-in-hand with individualism.
Unlock the answer
question
Encyclopedia
answer
Authored by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Almbert, this was a collective plea for freedom of expression. It contained the most advanced ideas of the time on religion, government, and philosophy. Important articles and illustrations were included, making it a major source of knowledge.
Unlock the answer
question
Deism
answer
The religion of many philosophes. It was predicated on the notion that God was rational and therefore nature was too. It was empirical, tolerant, reasonable, and encouraged a virtous living.
Unlock the answer
question
Hume
answer
A Scottish philosopher, he argued against the existence of miracles and, by implication, against the belief in Christianity. Authored "Inquiry into Human Nature."
Unlock the answer
question
Inquiry into Human Nature
answer
Written by David Hume, this argued that no empirical evidence supported the existence of miracles central to much of Christianity.
Unlock the answer
question
Jean Calas
answer
Roman Catholic political authorities in Toulouse ordered his execution for supposedly murdering his soon to prevent him from converted to Roman Catholicism. After his death, Voltaire published his "Treatise on Tolerance" in defense of this man.
Unlock the answer
question
Gotthold Lessing
answer
A German playwright and critic. He wrote "Nathan the Wise."
Unlock the answer
question
Nathan the Wise
answer
Written by Gotthold Lessing, this was a plea for religious toleration.
Unlock the answer
question
Cesare Beccaria
answer
An Italian philosophe. He published "On Crimes and Punishment." He attacked torture and capital punishment.
Unlock the answer
question
On Crimes and Punishment
answer
Written by Cesare Beccaria, this applied critical analysis to the problem of making punishments both effective and just.
Unlock the answer
question
Physiocrats
answer
A group of economic reformers who believed it was the role of government to protect property and to permit its owners to use it freely. They were led by Francois Quesnay and Pierre Dupont de Nemours.
Unlock the answer
question
Marie Therese Geoffrin
answer
This woman ran a salon which was one of the most important gathering spots for Enlightenment writers. She was instrumental in helping the philosophes.
Unlock the answer
question
Claudine de Tencin
answer
A woman who helped the philosophes gain access to useful and social political contacts. She promoted Montesquieu's "Spirit of Laws."
Unlock the answer
question
Mary Wollstonecraft
answer
A female critic of Rousseau and author of "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman." She criticized Rousseau and others who upheld traditional roles for women.
Unlock the answer
question
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
answer
Mary Wollstonecraft's masterpiece. It criticized the views of Rousseau on women's roles in society.
Unlock the answer
question
Enlightened Absolutism
answer
A form of government predicated reforms in absolutist states. These reformers often agreed with the views of the philosophes. Voltaire was a major advocate of this system.
Unlock the answer
question
Frederick II
answer
A correspondent of the philosophes. He sought the recovery and consolidation of Prussia. He transformed Prussia into an efficient military and economic power.
Unlock the answer
question
Joseph II
answer
The rational leader of Austria. He attempted to impose rational policies on the Habsburg Empire. He also urged religious toleration and confiscated church lands. His attempts to tax the nobility stirred up a revolt.
Unlock the answer
question
Catherine II
answer
Leader of Russia who became very familiar with Enlightenment thought. Good friends with Diderot and Voltaire. She tried to enact major reforms but she never intended to abandon absolutism. She assured nobles of their rights and by the end of her reign had imposed press censorship.
Unlock the answer
question
Charter of the Nobility
answer
With this, Catherine the Great legally defined noble rights and privleges in exchange for the assurance that the nobility would serve the state voluntarily.
Unlock the answer
question
Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainardji
answer
This treaty gave Russia a direct outlet to the Blak Sea, free navigation rights in its waters, and more free access through the Bosporus. Crimea became an independent state and was latter annexed by Catherine. This ended the Ottoman-Russian conflict.
Unlock the answer
question
Partition of Poland
answer
As a result of several Eastern European military conflicts, the map of Europe had to be withdrawn, three times to be exact. This reorganization of territory was at the expense of a nation which was ultimately erased from the map of Europe.
Unlock the answer
question
Pugachev's Rebellion
answer
Emelyan Pugachev promised the serfs land of their own and freedom from their lords, initiating a peasant revolt, the largest of the 18th century.
Unlock the answer
