AP European History: Chapter 16: Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Western Europe – Flashcards
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what the seventeeth century is often refered to as
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"Age of Crisis"
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the vision of a world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit
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moral economy
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revolts that were extremely common caused by shortages of food or the prices of bread
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popular revolts
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dervied from the traditional assumption of power (heirs to the throne) and the belief in the "divine right" of kings
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absolutism
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among the first to provide a theoretical basis for absolutist states; believed that only absolutism could provide order and force people to obey the government (strong central gov't); french
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Jean Bodin (1530-1596)
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wrote Leviathan; pessimistic view of human beings: believed that people are truely evil at the root and need a string government to control them
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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
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principle advocate of "divine right of kings" in France; uses the bible to justify it
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Bishop Jacques Bossuet (1627-1704)
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the idea that the king was placed on the throne by god and therefore owed his authority to no man or group
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divine right of kings
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one of the three estates in France; the clergy; 1% of the population
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first estate
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one of the three estates in France; the nobility; 4% of the population
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second estate
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one of the three estates in France; the bourgeoisie (middle class), artisans, urban workers, and peasants
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third estate
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a hierarchy of social orders based on rank and privilege; restored under Henry IV
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the estates
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laid the foundation for France becoming the strongest European power in the seventeenth century; first king of the Bourbon dynasty; converted from Calvanism to Catholicism; issued Edict of Nantes (1598); assassinated in 1610 by a fanatical monk who wanted revenge for the Edict of Nantes
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Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) (r. 1586-1610)
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issued by Henry IV; allowed an amount of religious toleration to the Huguenots (French Calvanists)
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Edict of Nantes (1598)
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the old nobility who lost power under the reign of Henry IV; were not allowed to influence the royal council
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nobility of the sword
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new nobles who purchased their titles from the monarchy; they became high officials in the government and were loyal to the king
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nobility of the robe
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finance minister whos reforms enhanced the power of the monarchy
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Duke of Sully (1560-1641)
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state control over a country's economy in order to achieve a favorable balancew of trade with other countries
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Mercantilism
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ruled as a regent after Henry IV's assassination for their son Louis XIII
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Marie de' Medici
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put into effect what was to happen in Louis XIV's reign; regency was full of corruption and eventually exiled his regent mother; Cardinal Richelieu was with him his entire reign
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Louis XIII (1610-1643)
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laid the foundation for absolutism in France; was a plitique; created the intendant system
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Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)
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one who places political issues ahead of religious principles
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politique
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creaded by Richelieu; used to weaken the nobility; replaced local officials with civil servants (intendants) who reported directly to the king; made government more efficient and centrally controlled
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intendant system
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Huguenots lost their fortified cities and protestant armies; were still allowed to practice Calvanism; issued by Richelieu
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Peace of Alais (1629)
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the "sun king"; quintessential absolute ruler in European History; personified the idea that soverignty of the state resides in the ruler; strong believer in divine right of kings; "L' etat, c'est moi"; helped France become undisouted major power; longes reign in European history
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Louis XIV (r. 1643- 1715)
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"I am the state"; quote of Louis XIV
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"L' etat, c'est moi"
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a French Civil War; the revolution of nobles against Cardinal Mazarin when Louis XIV was a child; Louis never forgot humiliation and vowed to control the nobility
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Fronde (1640's)
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controled France while Louis XIV was a child; caused nobles to revolt agaisnt him creating the Fronde
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Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661)
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forced labor that required peasants to work for a month out of the year on roads and other public projects
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corvee
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palace built under the reign of Louis XIV; with its baroque architecture the palaces the most impressive in all of Europe; helped Louis XIV keep an eye on the nobles who were forced to stay there for part of the year
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Versailles Palace
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revoked Edict of Nantes; Huguenots lost their rights to practice Calvanism;
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Edict of Fountainbleau (1685)
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Catholics who held some Calvanist ideas
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Jansenists
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a nations policy of accumulating as much precious metal (gold and silver) as possilbe while preventing its outward flow to other countries
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bullionism
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Louis XIV's finance minister under which French mercantilism reached its height; his goal was economic self-sufficiency for France
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1661-1683)
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a balance in which no one country would be allowed to dominate the continent since a coaliton of other countrire would rally against a threatening power
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balance of power
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the event in which Louis XIV invaded the Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) without declaring war
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War of Devolution (First Dutch War) (1667-1668)
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the event in which Louis XIV invaded the southern Netherlands as revenge for Dutch oppositiion in ther previous war
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Second Dutch War (1672-1678)
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represented the furthest limit to the expansion of Louis XIV
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Peace of Nijmegan (1678-1679)
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in response to another invasion of the Spanis Netherlands by Louis XIV in 1683 the League of Augsburg formed in 1686: HRE, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony, Dutch Republic; war ended with status quo the same as prior to the war
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War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697)
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caused by the will of Charles II (Hapsburg king) giving all Spanish territories to the grandson of Louis XIV; then a fear of a consolidation of the Spanish and French thrones
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War of Spanish Succesion (1701-1713)
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emerged in opposition to France: England, Dutch Republic, HRE, Brandenburg, Portugal, Savory
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Grand Alliance
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a turning point in the War of Spanish Succesion begining a series of military defeats for France
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Battle of Blenheim (1704)
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maintained the balance of power in Europe and ended the expansionism of Lous XIV
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Treat of Utrecht (1713)
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build by Philip II to demonstrate his power
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Excorial Palace
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inflation that hurt domestin industtries that were unable to export goods
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price revolution
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when England defeated a large fleet of Spanish ships which marks the begining of the decline of the Spanish empire
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Spanish Armada (1588)
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marked end of Spain as a great power
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Treaty of Pyranees (1659)
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art that reflected the age of absolutism; originally to teach in aconcrete and emotional way and demonstrate the glory and power of the Catholic church
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Baroque
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personified baroque architecture and sculptor; statue of David
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Bernini (1598-1650)
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built in response to the Versailles palace
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Schonbrunn
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built in Russia by Peter the Great which was influenced by the Versailles
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Winter Palace
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Italian painter; perhaps first important painter of the baroque era
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Carvaggio (1571-1610)
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Flemish painter
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Peter Paul Reubens (1577-1640)
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Spanish painter; perhaps the greatest court painter of the era
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Diego Velazquez (1599-1660)
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greatest of the baroque composers
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J.S. Bach (1685-1750)
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government power islimited by law; there is a selicate balance between the power of goevernment and the rights and liberties of individuals
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constitutionalism
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wealthy landonwers in the countryside who dominated politics in the House of Commons
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gentry
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Englands lower house in Parliament
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House of Commons
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ruled england for most of the seventeenth century
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Stuart Dynasty
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english king who believed strongly in the divine right of kings and absolutism; he twice disloved parliament over tax issues
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James I (James VI of Scotland) (r. 1603-1625)
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son of James I and also claomed divine right of kings
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Charles I (r. 1625-1649)
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parliament attempted to encourage the king to grant basic legal rights in return for granting tax increases
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Petition of Right (1628)
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all countries now required to pay to outfit ships where before only coastal communities had paid
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ship money
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the event occuring when Charles tried to arrest several Puritans in Parliament but a crown of 4,000 came the their defense; caused Charles to declare war in 1642 against his opponents in the parliament
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English Civil War
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supported the king in the English Civil War
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Cavaliers
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opposed the king in the English Civil War (Calvanists)
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Roundheads
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military leader of the Roundheads who led the New Model Army to victory in 1649
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Oliver Cromwell
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elements of the New Model Army removed all non-Puritans and Presbyterians from parlianemt leaving a "rump parliament" with only 1/5 of the members remaining
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Pride's Purge (1648)
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radical religiious revolutionaries; sought social and political reforms and a more egalitarian society
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Levellers
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denied Parliants authority and rejected private ownership of land
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Diggers
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believed in an "inner light," a divine spark that exists within each person; pacifists
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Quakers
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rule without king under Oliver Cromwell; the Puritans and army ruled
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The Interregnum (1649-1660)
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Oliver Cromwell, lord protector; a dictatorship
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The Protectorate (1653-1659)
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restored onto the english throne in 1660 after Cromwells rules
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Charles II (r. 1660-1685)
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instituted by monarchists and Anglicans to drive out all Puritans out of both political and religious life
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Clarendon Code (1661)
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excluded those unwilling to recieve the sacrament of the Church of Angland from voting, holding office, preaching, teaching, attending universities, or assembling for meetings
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Test Act of 1673
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installed when the parliament sought to limit Chales power
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Habeas Corpus Act (1679)
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sought to return England to Catholicism; only reigned three years
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James II (r. 1685-1688)
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the final act on the struggle for political sovereighnty in England; James II was forced to abdicate the throne
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Glorious Revolution (1688)
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declared joint sovereigns by parliament
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William and Mary
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England became a constitutional monarchy
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Bill of Rights (1689)
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stated that the people create the government to pretect their "natural rights" of life, liberty, and property
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John Locke (Second Treatise of Covol Government)
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granted the right to worship for pretestant non-conformists (not for catholics, jews, or unitarians)
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Toleration Act of 1689
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states that if King William or his sister in-law Anne died without children then the crown would pass to the granddaughter of James I, the Hanoverian electress dowager or to her protestant heirs; Stuarts no longer in line for succession
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Act of Settlement (1701)
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united Britan and Scotland into Great Britan
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Act of Union (1707)
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the first Prime Minister in British history
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Robert Walpole
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governor
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stadtholder
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became the banking and commercial center of Europe
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Amsterdam
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reorganized the Swedish government
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Gustavus Adolphus (r. 1611- 1632)
