question

What was the first European nation, since the time of Marco Polo, to have had first direct contact with China?

answer

Portugal

question

Which empire was described as "an old, crazy, first-rate man of war," but because of incompetent leadership would not survive?

answer

Qing Dynasty/China

question

Which was the only European nation that was not shut out of Japan for trading? And, what was the only port at which they were allowed to trade?

answer

The Dutch because they had not allowed missionary activities to interfere with their trade interests; the port was Nagasaki

question

The most valuable product from the West Indies was what?

answer

Sugar

question

What was the major difference between the English and French colonies in North America?

answer

The English colonies were much more populated allowing them to have more men and money than the French colonies

question

What was one of the major economic problems in Europe in the 16th century?

answer

Inflation

question

The name of the banking firm that went bankrupt at the end of the 16th century when the Habsburgs defaulted on their loans?

answer

The House of Fugger

question

The greatest commercial and banking center in Europe by the early 17th century was what?

answer

The Amsterdam Exchange/Amsterdam

question

Describe all ideas that make up the economic concept of mercantilism

answer

That the wealth of one nation came at the expense of another nation, needed a large supply of gold/silver, balance of trade between export over import, to encourage export protect the industries and grant trading monopolies, have investment in new industries through subsidies, import foreign artisans, and improve transportation systems so roads/canals/bridges. MOST IMPORTANT - use colonies as places to sell items to and get raw materials from

question

List specific results of the European expansion and exploration.

answer

European imports/value of goods increased, the loss of native american populations/societies, new food and animals were spread to both Europe and the Americas, spread of Christianity, inflation affected Europe, European lifestyle was changed with new goods introduced, deepened European rivalries

question

By the end of the 17th century what forms of trade in Europe was greater than international trade?

answer

This was intra-European trade so the trade between European powers

question

Which nation (s), or continents, were least affected by European power and influence?

answer

The mainland Southeast Asia (Thailand, Burma, and Vietnam)

question

A multiracial society first appeared in what region?

answer

Central and South America

question

What was one reason that Christianity failed to take root in China?

answer

It was undermined by squabbling among the religious orders themselves and when the Chinese were allowed to practice their ancestor worship and Christianity the Pope condemned the practice

question

The most famous map projection in history was what?

answer

Mercator Map Projector

question

What happened to the population of Europe in the 17th century?

answer

The experienced a decline in the population from war, famine, and plague

question

Who were mostly accused of being witches in the 16th and 17th centuries?

answer

Old Women because to survive they would sell herbs, potions, and secret healing remedies so it was easy to accuse them

question

The meaning of absolutism?

answer

Means that the sovereign power or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a sole king who claimed to rule by divine right

question

Who wrote Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture? What is the theme of the book?

answer

Jacques Bossuet; basically God established kings to their power so they can reign over all the people of the world, so the authority of the king is absolute

question

What war is considered to have been a part of the larger Bourbon-Habsburg struggle?

answer

The Thirty Years' War

question

All parts of the Peace of Westphalia?

answer

Ensured all German states (even Calvinist ones) were free to determine their own religion; France gained parts of western Germany, parts of Alsace, and three cities of Metz,Toul, and Verdun this gave France control of Franco-German border, Austrian Habsburgs saw their authority as rulers of Germany decline, three hundred states of Holy Roman Empire were recognized as independent, Habsburg emperor was a figurehead in Holy Roman Empire, and finally that religion and politics were separate now

question

What country became dominant in Europe after the Thirty Years' War?

answer

France (seems to be the most logical one to say here)

question

Describe the changes to armies during the "military revolution" that occurred between 1550 and 1650.

answer

Increased use of firearm/cannons required adjustment to the size/shape of massed infantry, less need for cavalry, having lighter artillery allowed for easier movement during battle, all of this required more training so rulers moved away from using undisciplined mercenary forces,

question

The consequences to Germany from the Thirty Years' War?

answer

They had a ruined economy, a decline in the German population from 21 to 16 million, and many areas were destroyed

question

What was Cardinal Richelieu most successful in doing?

answer

Strengthening the power of the monarchy

question

The series of noble revolts known as the Fronde resulted in what in France?

answer

That to the French people that the best hope for stability in France lays in the crown

question

What was Louis XIV's first step in transforming the French state into an absolute monarchy?

answer

The first step was creating the grand and majestic court of Versailles and telling the secretaries/ministers of the state they answer to him first before doing any signing of papers

question

Who was Colbert? His economic policies were based on what economic theory? What did this theory stress?

answer

Jean-Baptist Colbert was the controller of general finances in France, his economic policies were based on mercantilism, and this theory focused on the importance of the state and by one nation succeeding another was being put down

question

Which treaty ended the War of the Spanish Succession? In what year? Which country benefited most from the treaty?

answer

The Peace of Utrecht in 1713 and of Rastatt in 1714; England benefited the most

question

What was the practical political purpose of the court of Versailles?

answer

Versailles was home to the high nobility and princes, those powerful figures who had aspired to hold the policy-making role of royal ministers. By having them make up the daily life of the court they were excluded from real power and share in the mystique of power as companions of the king

question

What were three consequences of Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau?

answer

It lead to conflicts with the French Huguenots, it harmed the french economy because 200,000 left, and the states that received the Huguenots benefited helping them (England, Germany, and United Provinces) to form a coalition against France

question

What happened to Spain under the rule of Philip IV?

answer

Under the rule of Philip IV Spain lost its title as a world power and had so many internal problems like revolts/economic problems

question

After 1648, what was the status of the "Holy Roman Empire?"

answer

The Holy Roman Empire was make up 300 virtually independent states and from these two other states would emerge: Bradenburg-Prussia

question

In Brandenburg-Prussia, what bureaucratic agency became Frederick William's means of controlling the state?

answer

To Commissariat governed the state by many of the officials being members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, the Junkers, who also served as officers in the all-important army that Frederick built

question

Which empire did Austria lose? Which did it gain?

answer

Lost the German empire after Thirty Years' War, but gained Hungary, Transylvania, Galicia, Moravia, and Silesia so in the eastern/southern European regions

question

Which country exerted the most influence on Italy in the 18th century?

answer

Austria

question

What characterized Russian society in the 17th century?

answer

The society was very stratified and was very dominated by the upper classes leading to the revolts of the lower classes then to the schism of the Russian church and finally the westernizing conducted by Peter the Great

question

Who was the most significant Romanov ruler in the 18th century?

answer

Peter the Great

question

What was the greatest characteristic of the reign of Peter the Great?

answer

He greatest characteristic was trying to modernize/ westernize Russia to be more like Europe

question

In Scandinavia, in the 17th and 18th centuries, what country became a second-rate power after the Great Northern War?

answer

Sweden

question

What 17th century Polish political institution by its own choice made the state weak and with no authority?

answer

Accepting the Liberum Veto in 1652, whereby the meetings of the Sejm could be stopped by a single dissenting member, reduced the government to virtual chaos

question

What were consequences of the so-called "Golden Age" of the Dutch Republic to the monarchy, the United Provinces, and the States General?

answer

The fact they had to fight more wars with other powers like France/England, they had serious economic decline, and they had challenges to their commercial suppremacy

question

What did James I do that alienated most of the members of Parliament?

answer

By using his religious policy of he had the choice of either favoring the Anglican church or the Puritan church so he went with the Anglican and by doing this it alienated the Puritans that made up a big part of the House of Commons/other important positions ALSO he did it by believing in divine rule so he felt he did not need them to rule the government

question

What did the Petition of Right do?

answer

This petition prohibited taxation without Parliament's consent, arbitrary imprisonment, the quartering of soldiers in private houses, and the declaration of martial law in peacetime, but Charles II said no to this because it limited power of royals

question

What did the Levellers demand during the commonwealth era in England?

answer

They called for freedom of speech, religious toleration, a democratic republic, voting to start for all male householders over 21, annual Parliaments, rights of women, and governments to care for the poor

question

What devout Catholic English monarch instigated a constitutional crisis in 1687-1688?

answer

The monarchy of James II because he was Catholic and England was mostly Protestant

question

What revolution was considered a "bloodless revolution?"

answer

Glorious Revolution

question

What incident prompted the nobles to depose James II?

answer

The fact that he issued a new Declaration of Indulgence and they feared there would be more Catholic influence

question

What French playwright satirized French religious and social customs, and benefited from the patronage of Louis XIV? What play did he write that ridiculed religious hypocrisy?

answer

Jean-Baptiste Moliere; Tartuffe

question

What painter was known for being the great Protestant painter of the 17th century?

answer

Rembrandt van Rijn

question

What form/style of art was popular just before Baroque art became most popular style?

answer

Mannerism

question

What form of art attempted to blend the feelings of the reformation with Renaissance art?

answer

Baroque

question

Who was the most famous painter in the school of art called Mannerism?

answer

El Greco

question

Define the differing views of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke concerning the role of government in our lives, and the two major works they wrote.

answer

Thomas Hobbes - wrote "Leviathan" basically he was in support of absolutism and that if the people rebelled against the ruler that possessed the unlimited power that they should be put down because people needed someone to tell them how to live or they will be animals John Locke - wrote "Two Treaties of Government", he believed in social contract that the government was there to help the people and if the government messed with the national rights of people (life, liberty, and property) that they had a right to rebel

question

What English document laid the foundation for a future constitutional monarchy?

answer

The Bill of Rights

question

What did Peter the Great abolish in 1721? Why?

answer

To gain control of the Russian Orthodox Church Peter abolished the position of patriarch and created a body called to Holy Synod that favored him

question

What was Peter the Great's "window on the West?"

answer

Saint Petersburg

question

Which Swedish king worked to establish an absolute monarchy?

answer

Charles XI

question

Which Ottoman ruler began in the early 16th century a new invasion of Europe?

answer

Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent

question

Who won the battle of Lepanto? What was the result of this battle?

answer

The Spanish won over the Ottomans; The Ottomans still had control over the southern shores along the Mediterranean

question

What was the capital of the Ottoman Empire?

answer

Constantinople

question

Who were the Janissaries?

answer

They were composed of Christian boys who has been taken from their parents, converted to the Muslim faith, and subjected to rigid military discipline to from an elite core of 8,000 troops personally loyal to the sultan

question

In 1700, government for most people meant what?

answer

Government still meant the local institutions that affected their lives: local courts, local tax collectors, and local organizers of armed forces

question

What was the primary motive for exploration during the Renaissance?

answer

The economic motive like finding new areas to trade and metals and material gain

question

Which book did Columbus have a copy of as he began to envision his voyage across the Atlantic?

answer

Marco Polo's book called "Travels"

question

In what countries was a religious crusade a strong motive for exploration?

answer

Portugal and Spain

question

What area did Prince Henry the Navigator first explore?

answer

He did not explore anywhere he started a school for navigating that eventually lead to the Portuguese going to Africa and Asia

question

Who did Portugal defeat, and where, to become the early leader in European expansion?

answer

They defeated a combined fleet of Turks/Indians off coast of India leading the Portuguese to be the first to start expansion

question

When Vasco da Gama reached India, what two things did he announce he had come to find?

answer

Christians and Spices

question

In the 1440s what was among the first source of profits the Portuguese earned in their maritime exploration?

answer

A cargo of black Africans that they sold into slavery in Europe

question

Who was the major critic of the Spanish treatment of the Native Americans?

answer

Bartolome de Las Casas

question

What did the encomienda make the Native Americans to the Spanish?

answer

It make the Native Americans be used as laborers to the Spanish

question

The capital of the Aztec empire?

answer

Tenochtitlan

question

The major European disease that cause high mortality rates among the native of the New World was what?

answer

Small pox

question

John Cabot explored for whom?

answer

He was a Venetian seaman that explored the New England coastline of the Americas under the license from King Henry VII of England

question

The Mesoamerica civilization which existed at the time of European exploration was which group?

answer

The Aztec Empire

question

Who brought about the Treaty of Tordesillas? What did it do?

answer

The new European exploring done by the Spanish and Portuguese brought about this treaty, it divided up the land in the Americas between the Portuguese and Spanish (Spain got more)

question

The first known circumnavigation of the earth was by whom? What is the irony of this man?

answer

Ferdinand Magellan; he died during the journey but is still given the title because his men (one of the five ships) made it back to Europe

question

Who was Amerigo Vespucci?

answer

Was someone that accompanied several voyages and wrote a series of letters describing the geography of the new world and by publishing these letters the new world became known as "America"

question

What is the Colombian Exchange?

answer

The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas. Corn and potatoes helped people live longer in Europe. New livestock and crops were brought into the Americas. Europeans spread disease.

question

What was the Middle Passage?

answer

Voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies and later to North and South Americas; considered middle leg of the transatlantic trade triangle

question

The local British population in India's Ft. William was imprisoned in what?

answer

"Black Hole of Calcutta" (an underground prison for holding prisoners, many of whom died in captivity.)

question

Who was the British East India Company official who fought off the French threat in India?

answer

Sir Robert Clive

question

Why did the mainland states of Southeast Asia have greater success in resisting European encroachment than did the Spice Islands and the Malay state?

answer

They had strong monarchies and were able to unite and drive the Europeans out of their countries

question

What was Portugal's greatest barrier to being able to dominate trade in Southeast Asia?

answer

They did not have the population to be able to send a lot of people to dominate the trade and they could not compete with the other European powers

question

Who was the first religious group in Europe to criticize slavery and the slave trade?

answer

Quakers/Society of Friends

question

What increased the number of wars in Africa? Why?

answer

This increase was because of the slave trade because tribes needed to protect themselves so they would invade other tribes take the people and trade them for guns/weapons and then this caused an increase in raiding

question

What has been called the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic? Why?

answer

The seventeenth century was called the Golden Age because the United Provinces held center stage as one of the European great powers

question

In what year did the Netherlands become a country? What treaty created it?

answer

Netherlands became a country in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia

question

Before the beginning of the 17th century, what city had been the financial and commercial center of Europe? What city replaced it?

answer

Antwerp and Amsterdam replaced it

question

Beginning in 1640, upon what did the Long Parliament begin to place "severe limitations?"

answer

On royal authority because of the actions of Kings like James I and Charles I

question

Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the number of African slaves shipped to the New World is estimated at how many?

answer

10 million

question

What was the New Model Army?

answer

During the English Civil War parliament created the New Model Army, which was composed primarily of more extreme Puritans known as Independents and believed they were fighting for the Lord

question

Who sculpted the Ecstasy of Saint Teresa? What was he trying to convey?

answer

Gian Lorenzo Bernini and he wanted to convey visually Theresa's own description of the mystical experience when an angel supposedly pierced her heart repeatedly with a golden arrow

question

Who was the most famous playwright of Elizabethan literature?

answer

William Shakespeare

question

What were the major differences between the art of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance?

answer

Medieval art was more religious and secular; Renaissance art wanted to imitate nature and realism

question

What commercial and military association was founded in the early 13th century that controlled Western European trade?

answer

Hanseatic Leauge

question

What three estates dominated the Renaissance?

answer

First estate (clergy), Second estate (nobility), Third estate (peasants)

question

What percent of the population of Europe were peasants during the Renaissance?

answer

85-90%

question

She was called the "First Lady of the World"?

answer

Isabella d'Este

question

Explain "civic humanism".

answer

intellectual movement of Italian Renaissance that saw Cicero as the ideal and held that humanists should be involved in government and use their rhetorical training in the service of the state

question

Who was the Italian humanist who was the first to divide history into three parts: ancient, medieval, and modern?

answer

Leonardo Bruni

question

What Italian humanist taught of unlimited human potential when he wrote, "To him it is granted to have whatever chooses, to be whatever he wills"?

answer

Pico della Mirandola

question

In Thomas More's Utopia, what should replace power and fame as the proper motivating agents for human society?

answer

Cooperation and reason

question

What does Luther attack in his Babylonian Captivity of the Church?

answer

Attacked the sacramental system as the means by which the pope and the church had held the real meaning of the Gospel in captivity for a century. Called for reform of monasticism and for the clergy to marry (confronted corruption of the church)

question

What was the starting point for most of Protestantism' major doctrines?

answer

Justification by faith

question

What was the Schmalkaldic League? What was its purpose?

answer

The Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes and cities that pledged to protect each other from any religiously motivated attack lasted for sixteen years.

question

What were the core beliefs of the Anabaptists?

answer

adult baptism; all believers considered equal; all Christians considered priests; separation of church and state

question

How was education in the Reformation different from education in the humanist schools?

answer

Unlike the humanist schools, Protestant schools were aimed at a much wider audience instead of just the elite.

AP Euro Test-Prep Chapter 14 and 15 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards