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Among the adverse economic and population changes in fourteenth-century Europe were

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all of the above

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What was the main cause of the early fourteenth century famines?

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a little ice age inducing bad weather with heavy rains

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The Black Death was most devastating in

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Italy.

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The Black Death

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recurred in severe outbreaks for centuries.

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The percentage of the European population who died between 1347 and 1351 by the Black Death is estimated at

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twenty-five to fifty.

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All of the following were reactions to the great plague except

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a reduction in the persecution of religious minorities because of the displeasure it caused God.

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The flagellants

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were groups that physically punished themselves to win the forgiveness of God.

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The persecutions against Jews during the Black Death

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reached their worst excesses in German cities.

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The devastation of the great plague in the fourteenth century led to

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the perception of life as something cheap and passing.

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Economically, the great plague and the crises of the fourteenth century

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raised wages because of a scarcity of labor.

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The European aristocracy responded to the adversity of the great plague by

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seeking to lower wages by legal means, especially for farm laborers.

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Post-plague socioeconomic relations between rich and poor in Europe

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got much worse as materially threatened nobles began to regard wealthier peasants and their new-found desires for meat and wine with utter contempt.

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A key economic consequence of the plague was

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a decline in manorialism and weakening of feudalism as noble landlords desperate for cash converted peasant labor service to market rents freeing their serfs.

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The Jacquerie refers to

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a peasant's revolt in France in 1358.

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The English Peasants' Revolt of 1381

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was caused by the rising economic expectations of ordinary people.

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Merchants and manufacturers responded to the economic tribulations of the fourteenth century by

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restricting competition and resisting the demands of the lower classes.

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The immediate cause of the Hundred Years' War between France and England grew out of

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the dispute over the duchy of Gascony.

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The progress of the Hundred Years' War was characterized by

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English use of peasant soldiers and the longbow.

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In the conduct of the Hundred Years' War, a sure sign of feudalism's decline was the

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decisive role of peasant foot soldiers rather than mounted knights.

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The crucial battle of the Hundred Years' War that was won by Henry V in 1415 and that led to the treaty and apparent victory in the war for Henry and England was the Battle of

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Agincourt.

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Joan of Arc

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liberated the Loire valley from English control.

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In 1415, the Hundred Years' War was restarted by the English King

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Henry V.

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During the reign of Edward III of England, the Great Council of the barons

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became the House of Lords forming a hereditary body of peers in Parliament.

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England under the reign of Edward III witnessed the

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crown's acceptance of Parliament's right to approve royal taxation and to inspect government accounts.

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Politically, France by the end of the fourteenth century saw

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chaos and civil war as rival noble factions fought for control of the realm.

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The Golden Bull of 1356 in Germany

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gave seven electors the power to choose the "king of the Romans."

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Prior to the Golden Bull of 1356, Germany was a land composed of

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hundreds of virtually independent states.

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Politically, Italy and Germany were similar in the fourteenth century because

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both regions failed to develop a centralized monarchical state.

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The Italian condottieri were

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leaders of mercenary bands, occasionally ruling as military dictators.

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Florence was ruled throughout most of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries by the

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popolo grasso.

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The chief ambition of the Venetian city-state in the fourteenth century was

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financial control of the Holy Roman Empire.

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In Venice, ultimate governmental executive power was held by the

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Council of Ten.

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Pope Boniface VIII

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died in 1305 after his captivity at the hands of Philip IV of France.

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The papacy at Avignon

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witnessed the creation of a specialized church bureaucracy.

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One overall result of the Great Schism was to

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badly damage the faith of many Christian believers.

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The Great Schism is known as that period in the history of the Catholic Church marked by

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the creation and feuding of multiple popes.

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The chief accomplishment of the Council of Constance (1414-1418) was to

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end the Great Schism by forcing the resignation or deposing all existing popes and paving the way for election of only one new pope.

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Mysticism in the fourteenth century

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emphasized an intensely personal feeling of oneness with God.

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The Dutch mystic who founded the Modern Devotion movement and led the group known as the Brothers of the Common Life was

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Gerard Groote.

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Meister Eckhart

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was a mystic who claimed that one could achieve a union of the soul with God.

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The fifteenth century theologian who claimed that reason could not prove spiritual truth was

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Occam.

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What was Boccaccio's most famous work?

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The Decameron

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Dante's Divine Comedy

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is considered a synthesis of medieval Christian thought.

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Ars moriendi refers to the

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art of dying.

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All of the following are correct about Petrarch except he

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wrote sonnets in Latin.

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Among the great and influential female religious mystics of the fourteenth century was

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Catherine of Siena.

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Changed urban attitudes in the fourteenth century included

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the regulation and acceptance of prostitution in most communities.

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Concerning parent-child relationships in the Middle Ages

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parents lavished considerable attention and affection on their offspring.

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The most revolutionary of thirteenth and fourteenth-century inventions was/were

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clocks.

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Women benefitted from the black death because

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there were new employment opportunities.

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