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the break up of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires led to the

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formation of the Baltic states: Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia - and Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

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Peace of Paris set forth the principle of

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∙1919 self-determination

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Baltic States

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∙many contained sizable minorities within their borders ∙many with the exception of Austria and Hungary lacked a large middle class ∙"backward" by Western standards

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what did Germany become after the abdication of Kaiser, William II

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a republic AKA the Weimar Republic (1919-1933)

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what party controlled the new government

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revisionist Social Democratic party & with support from the Catholic Center party ∙had to deal with opposition from both the right and the left

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Spartacists

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a revolutionary Marxist group which was backed by the Soviets who attempted to carry out a proletariat revolution led by Karl Liebnicht and Rosa Luxemburg the Social Democratic government put down the revolt

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Kapp Putsch and Beer Hall Putsch

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∙challenged the Weimar Republic ∙attempted to seize power ∙highlighted the strength of anti-democratic forces present in Germany

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Dawes Plan

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∙US loans to Germany which helped to reduce the level of reparation payments Germany was required to make ∙ultimately not enough money to save Germany

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Locarno Treaty

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treaty which enforced and guaranteed the borders of France and Belgium

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Kellog-Briand Pact

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∙signed by 65 nations ∙rejected war as a way to solve international disputes

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Mustapha Kemal

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∙army officer who succeeded in driving the Greek and Allied forces out of the Anatolian peninsula ∙in 1923 he established the Turkish Republic

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characteristics of Turkey

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∙adopted a constitution modeled after French legal system ∙secular state ∙western modes of dress ∙western alphabet

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causes of the Wall Street Crash of 1929

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∙overproduction ∙world agricultural depression ∙low wages ∙low consumer demand

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effects of the Wall Street Crash of 1929

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∙stock prices plummeted ∙banks closed ∙world trade and industrial production dropped ∙unemployment grew ∙currency was devalued ∙protective tariffs and quotas were introduced ∙impacted Europe greatly, particularly Germany

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how did the governments respond

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∙embraced policies of economic nationalism ∙denied Allied countries permission to apply for new loans

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New Deal

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∙under FDR ∙series of legislation which says the government will spend money to pay for people to have jobs ∙opposite of laissez-faire

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John Maynard Keynes

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∙British economist who proposed "deficit financing" spend money to make money, government will go into debt first before it recovers

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Labor Party

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∙advocated a gradual, unrevolutionary form of socialism ∙showed a willingness to work with their political rivals- the conservatives

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Ramsey MacDonald

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∙led the Labor party to form a national government with the conservatives from 1931-1935 ∙policies promoted retrenchment, budget balancing, and loans to industry ∙succeeded in isolating the extreme elements in British politics

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Sir Oswald Mosley

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British fascist who remained a minority voice

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War of Independence

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1919-1920 ∙twenty six counties of Ireland became the Irish Free State, a Dominion within the British Commonwealth

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Eamon de Valera

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under his government, a new constitution was enacted for the Irish Free State in 1937

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when was Ireland officially declared a Republic

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1949

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Statute of Westminster

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∙1931 ∙granted Australia, South Africa, Canada, and New Zealand legal equality with Britain

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Raymond Poincare

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French, moderately conservative leader under which the economic situation began to improve

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Popular Front

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∙anti-Fascist coalition in 1930's France; it was criticized for its failure to support the Republicans during the Spanish civil war ∙consisted of liberals, socialists, and communists ∙formed in response to a government-related financial scandal which led to fascist-led riots in Paris in February in 1936

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Leon Blum

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∙socialist who was the premier of the Popular Front government in France, his reforms were largely unsuccessful

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what was the Popular Front replaced by in 1938?

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a more conservative radical social party led by Edouard Daladier

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Who was Mussolini influenced by

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∙ideas of Sorel and Nietzsche ∙however he abandoned his socialist doctrines and proclaimed himself a fascist

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black shirts

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Mussolini's followers

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what happened during his dictatorship?

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∙all opposition parties were banned ∙censorship was introduced ∙right to strike was abolished

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what were some of Mussolini's economic and political doctrines?

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∙rejected liberalism, laissez-faire capitalism, socialism, and communism ∙affirmed priority of the nation and state management of the economy

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Corporate State

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∙organized the national economy into 22 major sectors ∙each corporation was responsible for controlling prices, wages, and industrial policies

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What was Parliament replaced by in 1938?

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a Chamber of Fasces and Corporations

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how did Italian Fascism respond to the Great Depression?

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it created a series of public work programs, in order to promote greater national self-sufficiency

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what did Fascism fail to address?

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∙the class divisions and social inequalities present in Italian society ∙Italian Fascism was a call to action- it lacked any serious political philosophy

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Lateran Accord

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∙Mussolini signed with the pope ∙sovereignty of Vatican City was recognized ∙secured support from Catholic Church for his regime

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Volk

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the German race

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National Socialist German Worker Party

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formerly German Workers Party ∙Nazi

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who sought to destablilize the Weimar Republic

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∙Communist and reactionary agitators

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General Ludendorff

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supported Hitler in his beer hall Putsch

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Who was Hitler appointed chancellor by

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∙President Hindenburg ∙with the support of the former chancellor, Franz von Papen

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Nuremburg Laws

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laws passed depriving the Jews of their citizenship

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Enabling Act

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this law provided Hitler with the foundation on which he could build his dictatorship

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Kristallnacht

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night of the broken glass

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Brownshirts (S.A)

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∙socialist-minded ∙threat to Hitler and the Nazis

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Night of the Long Knives

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∙1934 ∙Ernst Roehm, leader of the Brownshirts, was assassinated with his close associates

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What did the Nazis replace the free trade unions they abolished

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a National Labor Front

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Nazism

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a form of fascism which glorified war and the cult of the leader

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what was the purpose of propaganda?

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to indoctrinate the people with the "correct" opinions

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Dr. Goebbels

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master of propaganda in Nazi Germany, promoted the "Big Lie"

AP Euro Europe 1919-1939 – Flashcards

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