question

Italian Renaissance

answer

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. From roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century followed by this movement spreading into the Northern Europe during 1400-1600

question

Jacob Burckhart

answer

Claimed the Renaissance period was in distinct contrast to the Middle Ages; coined the term "Renaissance"

question

city-states

answer

different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers

question

Signori

answer

despots who controlled much of Italy by 1300.

question

Oligarchies

answer

the rule of merchant aristocracies-- possessed constitutions but only a small class controlled the functions of government. (rule by a few)

question

commenda system

answer

Contract between merchant and merchant adventurer who agreed to take goods to distant locations and return with the proceeds for 1/3 of the profit

question

condotierri

answer

military leaders hired by city-states to engage in warfare for them (called for Mercenary States)

question

Republic of Florence

answer

A moderately large Italian city that was central to the Italian Renaissance because of its gifted individuals; Dante, Pretrach, Boccaccio, Machiavelli, Brunelleschi, Donatello, Masaccio, Boticelli and others. The city was ruled by the Medici familly, a family of great wealth. Still, the city continued to produce new ways of thinking and helped progress the Renaissance further.

question

Medici family

answer

powerful banking family who ruled Florence in the 1400s; patrons of the arts

question

Cosimo de Medici

answer

Italian financier and statesman and friend of the papal court (1389-1464); ruled Florence

question

Lorenzo de Medici (The Magnificent)

answer

Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492)

question

Duchy of Milan

answer

Ruled by Sforza Family after 1450; Milan was a principal adversary of Venice and Florence until the Peace of Lodi created a relative 40- year period of peace among the Italian city states

question

Sforza family

answer

Milanese family who, through despotism, came to power in 1450; ruled without constitutional restraints or serious political competition; produced one of Machiavelli's heroes, Ludovico il Moro

question

Republic of Venice

answer

Longest lasting of the Italian states because it did not succumb to foreign powers unit Napoleon. Also one of the world's great naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries

question

Papal States

answer

A group of territories in central Italy ruled by the popes from 754 until 1870. They were originally given to the papacy by Pepin the Short and reached their greatest extent in 1859. The last papal state—the Vatican City—was formally established as a separate state by the Lateran Treaty of 1929.

question

Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

answer

Backwards monarchy; most of Southern Italy & Sicily; fought over between the Aragonese and the French; not very Renaissance-touched

question

Charles VIII

answer

French king, invited by Ludovico Sforza to invade Florence, fought over Italy with Ferdinand of Aragon in the first Italian war

question

Girolamo Savonarola

answer

a Dominican friar in Florence who preached against sin and corruption and gained a large following; he expelled the Medici from Florence but was later excommunicated and executed for criticizing the Pope; wanted to overthrow the Medici Dynasty

question

Machiavelli

answer

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."

question

The Prince

answer

A short political treatise about political power how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. Machiavelli explores the problems of human nature and concludes that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own interests

question

Cesare Borgia

answer

Son of Pope Alexander VI; the hero of Machiavelli's "The Prince" because he began the work of uniting the peninsula by ruthlessly conquering and exacting total obedience from the principalities making up the Papal States

question

Sack of Rome, 1527

answer

May 5, 1527 - A military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States. It marked a crucial imperial victory in the conflict between Charles I of Spain Holy Roman Emperor, and the League of Cognac (1526-1529) — the alliance of France, Milan, Venice, Florence and the Papacy.

question

Charles V

answer

Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).

question

Humanism

answer

a Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

question

Civil humanism

answer

Idea that education should prepare leaders who would be active in civic affairs; if you're smart you should be in politics

question

Petrarch

answer

"Father of Humanism." studied classical Greek and Latin. introduced emotion in "Sonnets to Laura"

question

Bocaccio

answer

Decameron, Italian writer famous for his vernacular prose, in particular the Decameron, which reveals stories of society during the plague

question

Leonardo Bruni

answer

1. First to use the term "humanism" 2. Among the most important of the civic humanists 3. Served as a chancellor in Florence 4. Wrote a history of Florence, perhaps the first modern history, and wrote a narrative using primary source documents and the division of historical periods

question

Lorenzo Valla

answer

Elegances of the Latin Language; On the False Donation of Constantine;, An expert on the Latin language, he also exposed the Donation of Constantine (the Church claimed it was granted vast territories by the Roman emperor Constantine) as a fraud. Eventhough he was a devoted Catholic, his work helped those challeging the Churches authority. Founder of textual criticism.

question

Latin Vulgate

answer

the authorized version of the Bible for the Catholic Church

question

Marsilio Ficino

answer

Founded the Platonic Academy at the behest of Cosimo de' Medici in the 1460s. Translated Plato's works into Latin, giving modern Europeans access to these works for the fist time.

question

Pico Della Mirandola

answer

Oration on the Dignity of Man, Oration on the Dignity of Man. Stated that humans were created by God and therefore given tremendous potential for greatness, and even union with God if they desired it.

question

Baldassare Castiglione

answer

The Book of The Courtier. Described the ideal of a Renaissance man who was well versed in the Greek and Roman classics, and accomplished warrior, could play music, dance, and had a modest but confident personal demeanor. It outlined the qualities of a true gentleman.

question

Virtu

answer

The striving for excellence and being a virtuous person. Humanistic aspect of Renaissance.

question

Johann Gutenberg

answer

printing press, moveable type, German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468) (Gutenberg Bible)

question

quattrocento

answer

Italian, literally "four hundred"; it refers to the 1400s— the fifteenth century, especially in reference to Italian art of this time (the late Middle Ages and Early Renaissance).

question

Giorgio Vasari

answer

Italian painter and art historian (1511-1574); wrote The Lives of the Artists. Massive patronage of the arts came from this and was lead by families like the Medici's and also the churches, who saw art as a means of glorifying God.

question

cinquecento

answer

the 1500s; the High Renaissance in Rome

question

Pope Alexander VI

answer

A corrupt Spanish Renaissance pope whose immorality sparked debate about the integrity of the Catholic Church.

question

perspective

answer

the appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer

question

chiaroscuro

answer

The treatment of light and shade in a work of art, especially to give an illusion of depth.

question

stylized faces

answer

medieval faces in art--more stylized and generic

question

sfumato

answer

Painting technique in which contours are enveloped in a suggestive, smoke-like haze

question

contrapposto

answer

put all weight on one leg, causes hips to shift and shoulders to counter balance, which sets up potential for natural pose

question

Greek temple architecture

answer

triangular pediments, Greek columns, Roman arches, domes. Simplicity, symmetry, balance.

question

Giotto

answer

Florentine painter who gave up the stiff Byzantine style and developed a more naturalistic style

question

Brunelleschi

answer

Il Duomo, Italian architect celebrated for his work during the Florentine Renaissance. His greatest achievement is the octagonal ribbed dome of the Florence cathedral.

question

Lorenzo Ghiberti

answer

"gates of paradise", winner of the north doors competition for the Baptistery of Florence cited as the beginning of Renaissance Art

question

Donatello

answer

David, (1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.

question

Masaccio

answer

Expulsion of Adam & Eve, 1401-1428 painter that worked on perspective in his cycle of frescoes in the Brancaci Chapel ("Tribute Money."), used realistic style

question

Sandro Botticelli

answer

Birth of Venus, Italian painter of mythological and religious paintings (1444-1510)

question

"High Renaissance"

answer

The time between 1400 and 1500 when the Renaissance was at its peak. This was when cultural values were formed, artistic and literary achievements occurred, and Renaissance style was largely defined, da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo

question

Bramante

answer

started St. Peter's Basilica, had a giant circular dome (138 ft. in diameter) greatest building in High Renaissance, architect

question

Leonardo da Vinci

answer

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

question

Raphael

answer

(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

question

Michelangelo

answer

An Italian painter, sculptor, and architect of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Among many achievements in a life of nearly ninety years, Michelangelo sculpted the David and several versions of the Pietà, painted the ceiling and rear wall of the Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of Saint Peter's Basilica, designing its famous dome. He is considered one of the greatest artists of all time.

question

Titian

answer

Greatest Renaissance painter in Venice, used vivid color and movement, which was the opposite of the subtle colors and static figures in Florentine paintings.

question

Mannerism

answer

Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space.

question

El Greco

answer

Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614), La Vista de Toledo, El Entierro del Conde de Orgaz, San Martin y el Pordiosero

question

Northern Renaissance

answer

More concerned with theology and personal morality, Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance

question

Christian humanism

answer

a movement that developed in Northern Europe during the Renaissance combining classical learning (humanism) with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church

question

Erasmus

answer

In Praise of Folly, (1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not suport the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly.

question

Thomas More

answer

Utopia, He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.

question

Jacques Lefevre d'Etables

answer

leading French humanist and good example of how Northern Christian humanists focused on early Church writings; produced five versions of the Psalms that challenged a singe authoritative version of the Bible

question

Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros

answer

(1436-1517) Grand inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition. A Spanish humanist who reformed the Spanish clergy and church so that many of the Church abuses that were highlighted during the Reformation did not necessarily apply to Spain. Made Complutensian Polyglot Bible, which placed Hebrew, Greek, and Latin versions of the Bible in parallel columns.

question

Francois Rabelais

answer

Gargantua and Pantagruel, A French Humanist (1494-1553.) He was the author of Gargantua (satire), which made fun of the church using giants to represent the church. Instead of true monks there were swimming pools, maids, and no clocks.

question

Michel de Montaigne

answer

skepticism, essay, Michel de Montaigne is the finest represent of the early modern skepticism. Montaigne developed a new literary genre: the essay. He rejected the claim that one culture may be superior to others and by doing this he inaugurated a new era of doubt.

question

William Shakespeare

answer

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

question

Miguel de Cervantes

answer

Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)

question

Flemish style

answer

a Northern Renaissance Art, More detail throughout painting, use of oil paints, more emotional that the Italian style, and works often preoccupied with death

question

Jan van Eyck

answer

Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting, The Arnolfini Wedding

question

Bosch

answer

(1450-1516) A surrealist painter of the Netherlands who focused his works on symbolism, fantasy, confusion, death and the torments of Hell. Most famous work = "Death and the Miser" (1490)

question

Peter Brueghel, the Elder

answer

not influenced by the Italian R. focused on lives of ordinary people (Peasant Dance, Peasant Wedding), Northern Renaissance painter

question

Albrecht Durer

answer

Famous Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling. (Knight Death, and Devil; Four Apostles), known for engravings and woodcuttings

question

Hans Holbein the Younger

answer

(1497-1543) German Painter noted for his portraits and religious paintings, and painted for Erasmus, More, and King Henry VIII. Famous work = "The Ambassadors" (1533), which portrayed the major themes of the era, including exploration, religious discord, preoccupation with death, and the rising tide of international relations in an age of expansion.

question

Fugger family

answer

German Family (esp. Jacob Fugger, 1459-1525) that was significant in patronizing art of the Northern Renaissance. Their fortune was the result of international banking, which was similar to the Medici family in Florence.

question

Christine de Pisan

answer

(? 1363-1434) A wealthy woman who chronicled the accomplishments of great women of history. Wrote the Renaissance's woman's survival manual ('The City of Ladies,' 1405), was extremely well-educated in France, and was possibly Europe's first feminist.

question

Isabella d'Este

answer

"First Lady" of the Renaissance; set an example for women to break away from their traditional roles as mere ornaments to their husbands; rule Mantua after her husband died; well-educated; patron of the arts; founded school for young women

question

Artemesia Gentilleschi

answer

Perhaps the first female artist to gain recognition in the post-Renaissance era. First woman to paint historical and religious scenes

AP Euro–Chapter 13 The Renaissance – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards