question

In the seventeenth and eighteenth century, English coffeehouses were...

answer

important places to discuss politics and society

question

What was one result of Louis XIV's 1685 revocation of the Edict of Nantes?

answer

The creation of a highly educated and influential opposition group willing to express its criticism of monarchical absolutism in writing

question

What was the Atlantic system?

answer

A web of trade routes that bound together western Europe, Africa, and the Americas and became the hub of European expansion throughout the world

question

Plantations in the New World can best be described as...

answer

large tracts of land owned by colonial settlers from western Europe that were farmed by slave labor and produced staple crops.

question

Why did plantation slavery replace indentured servitude as the major economic anchor of the Atlantic system?

answer

Although they were often overworked, indentured servants were much more expensive than African slave labor

question

Which of the following goods played an essential role in the Atlantic economy and the expansion of European consumer society?

answer

Sugar

question

How many Africans were transported across the Atlantic in the slave trade before it began to wind down after 1850?

answer

more than ten million

question

What determined the balance of white and black populations in each of the New World colonies?

answer

The staple products that a particular colony produced

question

What lasting impact did the slave trade and the plantation system have on Europe?

answer

They permanently altered consumption patterns for ordinary people

question

By the eighteenth century, many Europeans began to try to provide a rationale for the institution of slavery based predominantly on what grounds?

answer

The purported mental--and thus racial--inferiority of African people

question

Children of Spanish men and Indian women were called...

answer

mestizos

question

After some two hundred years of tolerating and even supporting piracy, why did the English and Dutch governments suddenly try to stamp it out around 1700?

answer

English, Dutch, and French bands of sailors began to form associations of pirates, especially in the Caribbean, that preyed indiscriminately on shipping lines of every national origin.

question

Why was European contact with China so limited in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

answer

The Chinese distrusted the European "barbarians" and allowed them to trade only in the city of Canton.

question

The population explosion that took place in Europe around the turn of the eighteenth century can be attributed to...

answer

a decline in the death rate thanks to better weather, improved agricultural techniques, and the disappearance of the plague.

question

Which of the following was a consequence of the early-eighteenth century consumer revolution in Europe?

answer

The demand for consumer goods such as housewares rose dramatically as ordinary people gained more disposable income, leading to job creation.

question

What factors contributed to Britain's agricultural revolution in the 1700s?

answer

The selective breeding of animals, the planting of fodder crops, and an increase in the amount of land under cultivation.

question

What controversial agricultural practice in England that eliminated community grazing rights normally required an act of Parliament?

answer

Enclosure

question

What was the most populous city in Europe in 1750?

answer

London

question

What sorts of professions made up the developing urban middle classes of the eighteenth century?

answer

Government officials, merchants, professionals, and small landowners

question

Why did clothing develop special importance in eighteenth-century cities?

answer

Clothing became a reliable indicator of people's social status and occupation, further distinguishing the social classes.

question

In which regions was widespread literacy among the lower classes first achieved?

answer

Scandinavia, Scotland, and parts of Switzerland

question

Who were the main consumers of the new upsurge in books, pamphlets, and periodicals in the eighteenth century?

answer

The urban middle class

question

Which of the following was characteristic of the rococo style of painting that developed in the eighteenth century?

answer

An emphasis on irregularity and asymmetry, though on a small, ornamental scale

question

For what purpose did George Frideric Handel infuse operatic drama with a religious theme in his 1741 oratorio Messiah?

answer

To combine musical materials into a dramatic form that would touch the emotions of the new concertgoing public

question

In England, Eliza Haywood was one of a number of eighteenth-century women who showed that they could succeed as...

answer

novelists

question

Which of the following is true of the seventeenth-century Protestant revival known as Pietism, which became popular in the German Lutheran states, the Dutch Republic, and Scandinavia?

answer

It encouraged an intense emotionalism, even ecstasy, in religious worship as well as participation in daily catechism instruction and frequent prayer meetings

question

The revival of Jansenism, which centered on miracles that allegedly happened at the grave of a Jansenist priest, is evidence of what development within French Catholicism?

answer

The desire of ordinary people to connect themselves to what they saw as the direct work of God

question

The peace treaties that ended the War of the Spanish Succession set forth what condition for Philip, grandson of Louis XIV, to be confirmed as king of Spain?

answer

Philip had to renounce any future claim to the French throne.

question

What steps did the duke of Orleans, regent to Louis XV, take to shore up France's crumbing finances?

answer

He founded a state bank to help the government service its debt, only to see the bank crash within a few months in the wake of a speculative bubble.

question

Following the deaths of William and Mary and their successor Anne (Mary's sister), the English turned to which dynastic house for their next ruler, King George I?

answer

The German house of Hanover

question

In the Act of Union of 1707, Scottish Protestant leaders abolished the Scottish Parliament and agreed to obey the Parliament of Great Britain...

answer

because they feared the threat of Jacobitism in Scotland.

question

What steps did England take to reduce Catholic Ireland to the status of a British colony in the wake of the Jacobite uprising of 1689?

answer

England confiscated Catholic lands and imposed laws limiting the rights of Catholics, including their rights to bear arms, educate their children, and participate in politics.

question

Although in Britain's constitutional system the monarch ruled with Parliament, power was still contained within a very small elite in the eighteenth century. What was the reason for this?

answer

Only a few hundred thousand propertied men could vote, and most members of Parliament came from the landed gentry.

question

The legacy of Sir Robert Walpole can be described as the establishment of which of the following?

answer

An enduring pattern of parliamentary government in which prime minister from the majority party guided legislation through the House of Commons

question

How did the Dutch respond to their decline in international affairs and manufacturing during the eighteenth century?

answer

They shifted their interest away from international power politics and began to focus on areas of trade and finance where they could establish an enduring presence.

question

What was one of the most significant steps in Peter the Great's project to Westernize Russia?

answer

Founding new technical and scientific schools for elites that were run by Western officials

question

How did the Russian tsar Peter the Great's imposition of the Table of Ranks in 1722 affect Russian society?

answer

It divided the Russian nobility into compulsory military, administrative, and judicial service categories.

question

By 1740, which European state had the highest proportion of men at arms--1 out of every 28 people?

answer

Prussia

question

The 1748 Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, which recognized the right of Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa to inherit Habsburg lands, ended which European war?

answer

The War o the Austrian Succession

question

How were ambassadors chosen for the new diplomatic services that France and other European states created in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

answer

They were chosen from among nobles of ancient families and royal officials who could pay for their own staff.

question

Although the publication of William Petty's Political Arithmetick in 1690 raised governments' interest in public health as an element of state power, it had little effect on the health of most people because...

answer

medicine was not a unified practice, the causes of disease were not known, and many people were not treated.

question

In seventeenth and eighteenth century Europe, doctors viewed insanity not as an emotional ailment but as a physical one caused by...

answer

an imbalance of bodily humors

question

Enlightenment writers saw the solution for all social problems in which of the following systems of thought?

answer

The scientific method

question

In his campaign for greater toleration, French Huguenot refugee Pierre Bayle published his Historical and Critical Dictionary, which...

answer

listed the errors and delusions of an entire host of writers on religion in an effort to show that religions must be held accountable to reason.

question

What did critics of the Enlightenment find so dangerous about the new intellectual movement?

answer

Its proponents subjected everything to criticism and challenged both political and religious authority.

question

Who was the most influential writer of the early Enlightenment?

answer

Voltaire

question

After Voltaire's letters Concerning the English Nation was published in the early 1730s, the French government ordered the writer's arrest because the book...

answer

praised the British government's toleration and flexibility as a way of condemning the French government

question

In his 1721 book Persian Letters, the baron of Montesquieu used what genre of writing to satirically explore good government and morality?

answer

Travel literature

question

Why was the Enlightenment a key historical moment in the discussion of the "woman question" in European society?

answer

Feminist ideas were presented systematically for the first time, representing a fundamental challenge to traditional ways of society.

question

How did Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies challenge the subservient roles traditionally ascribed to women?

answer

it advocated the founding of a private women's college to remedy women's lack of education.

question

The enclosure movement in 18th century England did which of the following?

answer

encouraged the development of market-oriented agricultural production

question

The Hapsburg Emperor Charles VI issued his Pragmatic Sanction in order to...

answer

guarantee the succession of his eldest daughter to the throne

question

Peasant men in 17th and 18th century Europe generally married in their late twenties primarily because

answer

they wanted to first establish independent households

question

Which of the following diseases did NOT produce a major epidemic after the 18th century?

answer

bubonic plague

question

Galileo was found guilty of heresy and condemned by the Inquisition on the ground that he...

answer

publicly advocated Copernicus' heliocentric system

question

A controversial aspect of the Agricultural Revolution in 18th century England was the transformation of common land into private land through the process known as...

answer

enclosure

question

Which of the following was most responsible for the steady population growth in the 18th century?

answer

an overall decline in the death rate

question

Pirate of the Caribbean who governed themselves and preyed on international shipping.

answer

buccaneers

question

A person born to a Spanish father and a Native American mother.

answer

mestizo

question

A style of painting that emphasized irregularity and asymmetry, movement, and curvature, but on a smaller, more intimate scale than the baroque.

answer

rococo

question

The first, or "prime" minister of the House of Commons of Great Britain's Parliament. Although appointed initially by the king, through his long period of leadership he effectively established the modern pattern of parliamentary government.

answer

Robert Walpole

question

Increasingly aggressive attitudes toward investment in and management of land that increased production of food in the 1700s.

answer

agricultural revolution

question

A large tract of land that produced staple crops such as sugar, coffee, and tobacco; was farmed by slave labor; and was owned by a colonial settler

answer

plantation

question

A Protestant revivalist movement of the early eighteenth century that emphasized deeply emotional individual religious experience.

answer

Pietism

question

the rapid increase in consumption of new staples produced in the Atlantic system as well as of other items of daily life that were previously unavailable or beyond the reach of ordinary people

answer

consumer revolution

question

The effort, especially in Peter the Great's Russia, to make society and social customs resemble counterparts in western Europe, especially France, Britain, and the Dutch Republic.

answer

westernization

question

The network of trade established in the 1700s that bound together western Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Europeans sold slaves from western Africa and bought commodities that were produced by the new colonial plantations in North and South America and the Caribbean.

answer

Atlantic system

question

The war over the succession to the Hapsburg throne that pitted France and Prussia against Austria and Britain and provoked continuing hostilities between French and British settlers in the North American colonies.

answer

War of Austrian Succession

question

Russian tsar Peter I, who undertook the Westernization of Russia and built a new capital city named after himself, St. Petersburg.

answer

Peter the Great

question

The eighteenth-century intellectual movement whose proponents believed that human beings could apply a critical, reasoning spirit to every problem.

answer

Enlightenment

question

The pen name of Francois-Marie Arouet, who was the most influential writer of the early Enlightenment.

answer

Voltaire

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