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Absolutism

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a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

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Jean Bodin

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(1530-1596) French political philosopher. Politique persausion. Devd. modern theory of sovereignty. In every society must be one authority strong enough to give law and order to all others, with their consent if possible, without it if necessary. Thus from disorders of religious wars in France germinated idea of royal absolutism and sovereign state.

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Thomas Hobbes

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wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society

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Bishop Bousset

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A political theorist and an ardent supporter of absolutism. Coined the "divine right of kings."

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Divine Right of Kings

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The belief that God gives monarchs the right to rule

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First Estate

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The first class of French society made up of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Second Estate

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The second class of French society made up of the noblility

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Third Estate

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made up of Bourgeoisie, urban lower class, and peasant farmers

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Henry IV of France

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Orginally Henry of Navarre. He was a Politique . He became a Catholic because he knew most of France was Catholic. He gave the Huguenots religious liberty. His rule paved the way for French absolutism and helped restore internal peace in France.

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Bourbon Dynasty

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Dynasty in France started by the reign of King Henry IV, powerful and EXTREMELY wealthy, rulers of this Dynasty wanted hegemony (dominant power), wanted to see shift of balance of power

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Nobility of the Sword

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- the old fashioned nobility who gain their power by fighting for land. There was constant conflict between them and nobility of the robe.

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Nobility of the Robe

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new nobles who purchased their titles from the monarchy, became high officials in govt. and remained loyal to king

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Duke of Sully

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finance minister-reforms enhanced power of monarchy-mercantilism-reduced royal debt-reformed tax system-oversaw improved transportation

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Louis XIII

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French king who succeeded Henry IV when he was nine years old; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mother and regent Marie de Medici, Cardinal Richelieu, and wealthy nobles.

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Cardinal Richelieu

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This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy

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Politique

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A ruler who suppresses his or her religious designs for his or her kingdom in favor of political expediency. Examples: Elizabeth I (England), Henry IV (France).

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Intendant System

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System created by Cardinal Richelieu in order to weaken the nobility. The system replaced local officials with middle-class or minor noble civil servants and each of the country's thirty-two districts had an intendant responsible for maintaining justice, police, and finance. As a result of this system, the French government became more efficient and centrally controlled.

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Peace of Alais

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(1629) Amended Edict of Nantes: Protestants could keep their religion but not their cities, armies, or military rights

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Louis XIV

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king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)

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L'etat, c'est moi

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I am the State" Louis XIV

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Fronde

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A series of civil wars in France by nobles against Louis XIV's and Mazarin's authority; they were unable to overthrow Mazarin.

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Corvee

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forced labor that required peasants to work for a month out of the year on roads and other public projects

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Versailles Palace

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Royal palace built during the reign of Louis XIV that became the most impressive palace in all of Europe. It was the quintessential embodiment of baroque architecture.

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Edict of Fountainbleu

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revoked Edict of Nantes- Huguenots lost right to practice Calvinism and fled

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Jansenists

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17th century Catholic opponents of the Jesuits.

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Mercantilism

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an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

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Bullionism

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nation's policy of accumulating as much precious metal as possible while preventing its outward flow to other countries

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Jean-Baptists Colbert

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served as the French minister of finance from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV.

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Balance of Power

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distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong

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War of the League of Augsburg

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an aggressive war waged by Louis XIV against Spain and the Empire and England and Holland and other states (1689-1697)

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War of the Spanish Succession

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a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France.

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Treaty of Utrecht

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1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire

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Philip II

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The son of Charles V was born and educated in Spain. He ruled Spain until his death in 1598. Spain's financial problems grew as he pursued his leadership position as head of the Counter Reformation. He sent the Spanish Armada against England in 1588, but it ended in disaster.

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Escorial

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A Spanish monastery and palace built by Philip II.

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Price Revolution

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increase in prices in 16th century-inflation-increased demand for goods-influx of gold and silver

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Spanish Armada

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the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.

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Treaty of the Pyrenees

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The treaty that ended fighting between France and Spain that continued after the Thirty Years' War; the treaty marked the end of Spain's status as a major European power.

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Baroque

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elaborate an extensive ornamentation in decorative art and architecture that flourished in Europe in the 17th century

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Bernini

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a baroque architect and sculptor. Made the Colonnade for piazza in from of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and was his greatest architectural work, and the Canopy over the high altar of St. Peter's Cathedral, and the altarpiece The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, that shows a lot of emotion

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Versailles Palace

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Royal palace built during the reign of Louis XIV that became the most impressive palace in all of Europe. It was the quintessential embodiment of baroque architecture.

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Schonbrunn

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Hapsburg emperor Leopold I built this in Austria in response to Versailles palace

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Winter Palace

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Peter the Great in Russia built in St. Peterburg largely on influence of Versailles

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Carvaggio

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first painter of Baroque period, he depicted highly emotional scenes, and used sharp dark/light contrasts to create drama

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Peter Paul Rubens

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is the most famous Baroque artist who studied Michelangelo in Italy and took that Renaissance style to the next level of drama, motion, color, religion and animation, which is portrayed in his paintings

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Diego Velazquez

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Developed a very realistic style of portraying subjects (non-idealized). Popularized and brought dignity to bodegones (genre subjects).

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Artemisia Gentileschi

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baroque painter who learned from father, first woman at Florentine Academy of Design

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Dutch Style

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- not baroque, reflected the dutch republics wealth and religious toleration of secular subjects, reflected the urban and rural settings of dutch life during the golden age of the netherlands

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Rembrandt

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Dutch painter, who painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants and used sharp contrasts of light and shadow to draw attention to his focus

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Jan Vermeer

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Artist facinated with the effects of light and darrk. Chose domestic indoor settings for his portraits. Chose women doing familiar activites as pouring milk or reading a letter.

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French Classicism

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The art and literature of the age of Louis XIV; its subject matter was predominantly classical antiquity and the glorification of Louis XIV.

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Nicolas Poussin

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painter-paintings rationally organized to achieve harmony and balances-classical scenes-landscapes

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Jean Baptiste Racine

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French plawright who wrote tragedies set in Greece or Rome that celebrated the new aristocratic virtues that Louis aimed to inculcate: a reverance for order and self-control, characters regal or noble, lofty language, aristocratic behavior

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Moliere

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French classicist playwright who produced popular comedies that exposed the hypocrisies and follies of society.

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J.S. Bach

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Now known as one of the greatest composers ever. During his life, he was known as a great organist. He lived during the Baroque period, standardized music theory and harmony as we know it today.

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