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Second Industrial Revolution

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This event increased the mass production of goods using new technologies.

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Mass Production

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The act of creating massive amounts of a single product to meet demand.

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Bessemer process

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This process resulted in high-quality steel that was produced far more efficiently and far less expensively than before.

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internal combustion engine

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This engine was powered by oil, and was used to power factory machines.

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electricity

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This quickly became the most favorable source of power for industrializing cities. Originally harnessed by Thomas Edison in the late 1870's.

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chemicals

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These were used commonly as dyes, soaps, pharmaceuticals; as well as fertilizers and explosives. Most commonly seen in Germany.

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urbanization

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Britain was the first European country to experience this. The population of Europe increased by 50% during this event; between 1870 and 1914.

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Public Health Movement

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This movement sought to remedy the high disease and mortality rate that occurred in cities.

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Edwin Chadwick

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The most important reformer of living conditions in cities.

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"sanitary idea"

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This idea was the most relevant during the public health moment. It advocated that cleaning the urban environment would prevent disease.

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Jeremy Bentham

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He believed in UTILITARIANISM. The belief that government action is only good if it is the greater good for the greatest amount of people. He was mentioned last chapter as well.

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urban redesign

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During this, France took the lead while Napoleon III reigned. Led by Georges von Haussmann, France was redeveloped. Boulevards and parks were created, the Middle Class were given better housing, and slums were destroyed.

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public transportation

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By the 1890s, the electric streetcar revolutionized this. It allowed people to spread out, and decrease overcrowded cities.

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Georges von Haussmann

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This man was responsible for redeveloping Paris.

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electric streetcar

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This machine revolutionized public transportation and facilitated the creation of suburbs on city outskirts.

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petite bourgeoisie

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The lower-middle class; independent shopkeepers and small merchants, minor civil servants, teachers, clerks, and some master craftsman like goldsmiths.

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fin de siecle

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French for "end of the century" referring to the end of the 19th century, and into the 20th.

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"Belle Epoque"

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"The good old days" as it was known as after World War I. An Increased standard of living in all industrialized countries.

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consumerism

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this caused an increase in the standard of living during the second half of the 19th century, but kept the gap between the wealthy and middle class very large. Sports also began to have a rise in popularity during this time.

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department stores

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These grew significantly and were frequently visited by the middle class. They had, and still have, all the things you could ever need. Or at least, all the things you think you need.

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Louis Pasteur

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This man was essential during the bacterial revolution. Developed the Germ Theory

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Germ Theory

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This theory was essential during the bacterial revolution. This theory of disease through germs was key to reducing the mortality rate of death by bacteria.

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Pasteurization

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This is the fermentation caused by growth of living organisms and the activity of these organisms could be suppressed by heating the beverage, helping reduce food poisoning.

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Joseph Lister

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He developed the "antiseptic principle" in performing surgeries, resulting in far fewer people dying by infection during surgery.

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Dimitri Mendeleev

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This man organized the rules of chemistry by devising the periodic table of the elements in 1869.

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Michael Faraday

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This man first studied electromagnetism in the 1830s, and in the 1840s he created the first dynamo, or generator. These were applied to motors, lights, and streetcars.

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electromagnetism

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Insight in this field allowed the creation of the first dynamo, or generator. These were applied to motors, lights, and streetcars.

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August Comte

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Known as the "father of sociology". He believed in positivism, and believed social scientists could help regulate society for the benefit of everyone.

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positivism

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The idea that all intellectual activity progresses through predictable stages; thus humans would soon discover the eternal laws of human relations through sociology.

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Charles Darwin

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This man first proposed the theory of evolution through his book, On the Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection. He proposed that all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin in an unending struggle for survival, and that only those able to adapt would survive.

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On the Origin of Species

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Proposal that all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin in an unending struggle for survival, and that only those able to adapt would survive.

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Social Darwinism

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applied Darwin's ideas to human society.

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Herbert Spencer

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He coined the phrase, "Survival of the Fittest" to dictate why some people were successful, and why others were not.

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Sigmund Freud

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He was considered one of the three giants of 19th century thought, along with Darwin and Marx. Founder of psychoanalysis.

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Freudian psychology

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Theory did not believe in the rationalism of the enlightenment, and instead believed that humans were irrational creatures whose subconscious are not subject to reason.

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Max Planck: quantum mechanics

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First proposed the idea of quantum mechanics

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quantum mechanics

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subatomic energy is emitted in uneven spurts called quanta, not in a steady stream as previously thought.

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Marie Curie

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With her husband, she discovered the first radioactive element, Radium in 1910, and both soon died from radiation poisoning.

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Albert Einstein

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This famous physicist proposed the Theory of Relativity of time and space, which challenged the ideas of Newtonian physics.

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theory of relativity

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This theory proposed that time and space are relative to the viewpoint of the observer, and only the speed of light is constant for all frames of reference in the universe. E=mc^2

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Ernest Rutherford

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The first man to split an atom in 1919. He postulated the structure of the atom with a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons.

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Realism

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The belief that literature and art should depict life as it really was. Seen as a reaction to the failed revolutions of the 19th century, and the loss of idealism.

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Honore de Balzac

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Wrote the Human Comedy- it depicts urban society as grasping, amoral, and brutal; characterized by a Darwinian struggle for wealth and power.

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Gustave Flaubert

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Wrote Madame Bovary- portrays the provincial middle class as petty, smug, and hypocritical.

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Emile Zola

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A giant of realist literature, and portrayed the steamy, animalistic view of working class life.

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Charles Dickens

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He wrote Hard Times- portraying the grim life of workers in industrialized England.

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George Eliot

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He examined ways in which people are shaped by their social class as well as their own inner strivings, conflicts, and morals.

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Thomas Hardy

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Wrote Tess of the d'Urbervilles- it portrayed a woman who was ostracized for having pre-marital sex.

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Leo Tolstoy

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The greatest of all Russian realists who had a fatalistic view of history but regarded love, trust, and everyday family ties as life's enduring values. Wrote the masterpiece, War and Peace.

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Henrik Ibsen

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Known as the "Father of modern drama". His plays examined the conditions of life and issues of mortality, often at odds with the Victorian views of the day.

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Gustav Courbet

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Painted the work, The Stone Breakers in 1849. It depicted, of course, two men breaking stones. It was groundbreaking(badumchink) because the subject matter seemed extraordinarily trite.

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Francois Millet

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Painted The gleaners in 1857, depicts farm women gleaning the fields after the harvest.

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Honore Daumier

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Painted the Third Class Carriage in 1862, depicts a grandmother, a daughter and her infant traveling on a railroad. This is a good example of how the railroad impacted the lives of peasants, making it possible for them to move or travel to cities.

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Edgar Degas

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He painted Laundry Girls Ironing in 1884. It depicts ordinary women performing unskilled labor.

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Edouard Manet

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Considered the first modernist painter, he created Le Dejeuner sur l'herbe or, Luncheon in the Grass, in 1863, it shocked audiences because it portrayed a female nude with two clothed male cohorts. He also painted Olympia in the same year, which was equally revolting to the Salon for its casual nude portrayal of a prostitute.

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Impressionism

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This style of art was developed in France, and became popular because of photography. Now that cameras could perfectly recreate an image, the art focused on capturing a momentary overall feeling of a real life scene that was not depicted so perfectly.

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Claude Monet

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Painted Impression Sunrise in 1873, considered the first impressionist painting.

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Pierre-Auguste Renoir

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Painted Le Baul au Moulin de la Galette in 1876. In addition to landscapes, he painted subjects in candid poses and nude figures.

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Camille Pissarro

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Considered by some to be the TRUE father of impressionism.

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Berthe Morisot

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She is considered one of the greatest female artists of the late nineteenth century. She focuses on scenes of domestic life and portraits of friends and family.

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Post-impressionism

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An art style that sought to know and depict worlds other than the visible world of facts. Sought to portray unseen, inner worlds of emotion and imagination. Similar to romanticism.

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Vincent van Gogh

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This Dutch expressionist painted the famous painting Starry Night. He painted the vision of the night as he imagined it, not as he actually saw it. He also has a self portrait of Himself without an ear.

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Paul Gauguin

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He pioneered expressionist techniques. He saw form and design of a painting as important, and became famous for his paintings of the south pacific, where he spent some time.

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Paul Cezanne

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He was particularly committed to form and ordered design, but his later works became increasingly abstract, and moved from 3 dimensionally based, to 2 dimensionally based.

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Henri Matisse

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Perhaps the most important French artist of the 20th century. The expressionism of a group of painters led by this man was so extreme that an exhibition of their work in Paris prompted shocked critics to call them les fauves, French for "wild beasts".

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Pablo Picasso

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Perhaps the most important NOT French artist of the 20th century. He founded Cubism, and created Les Mademoiselle d'Avignon, the first cubist masterpiece.

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Cubism

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Also known as analytical cubism, concentrates on a complex geometry of zigzagging lines and sharply angled overlapping planes.

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Georges Braque

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Worked with Pablo Picasso in developing analytical cubism.

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Expressionism

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This form of art arrived in 1910 as the ultimate stage in the development of abstract, nonrepresentational art.

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Wassily Kandisky

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A Russian painter who turned away from nature completely with his non-figural paintings. His colors were used to express emotion and symbolism, but not any physical form.

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Edvard Munch

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Painted the famous, The Scream in 1893.

AP Euro – 19th Century European Society: Urbanization and Intellectual Movements. – Flashcards

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