Ap Chem Test Test Questions – Flashcards
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| Atomic Theory |
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| -each element made of atoms -atoms of same element same, different different -each compound same full atom ratio -atoms not created or destroyed |
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| Atomic number vs. Mass number |
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| Z (protons) vs. A (nucleons-P+N) |
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| quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms,) |
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| n=size of orbital / energy of electron l = 0-(n-1) = shape of orbital ml = +l-> -l = orientation ms = +/- 1/2 = spin |
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| periodic trends (across) |
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| atomic radius decreases, ionization energy increases, electronegativity increases, |
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| periodic trends (down) |
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| atomic radius increases, ionization energy decreases, electronegativity decreases |
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| ionic vs. covelant vs. metallic |
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| one electron transfered vs. |
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| Tricks to LDD |
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| -all n=1 and n=2 need to obey octet rule -B needs only 3 bonds, Be needs only 2 bonds |
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| VSEPR |
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| 2Blinear, 3Btrigonal planar, 2B1UBbent, 4Btetrahedral, 3B1UBtrigonal pyramidal, 2B2UB bent, 5Btrigonal bipyramidal, 4B1UBseesaw, 3B2UBTshaped, 2B3UBlinear, 6Boctahedral, 5B1UBsquare pyramidal 4B2UB square planar |
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| hybridization (resonance, sigma vs pi) |
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| sigma normal, pi 2nd and 3rd (perpendicluar to sigma) |
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| alpha |
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| 42He, weird l thing, paper |
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| beta |
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| 0-1e, weird B thing, clothing |
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| gamma |
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| 00weird swoopy thing, led shields |
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| special nuclear atoms |
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| positron = 01 (antimatter), electron = 0-1e, neutron=10n, proton = 11H or 11P |
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| nuclear half life (how to solve) |
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| .693/K=T.5, ln(Nt/No)=-kt Nt=amount at time t, No=innitial amount, t=time (first solve for K using half life, then solve for other variable) |
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| gas laws (gay-lusac, avogadros, boyles, charles,) |
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| P/T = P/T, V/n = V/n, PV=PV, V/T=V/T |
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| Gas Law Equation (not PVnRT) |
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| D=MP/RT (density = molar mass x pressure / r x temeprature) |
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| Daltons law of partial pressures |
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| Pt = RT/V (ntotal), mole fraction x total pressure = partial pressure, (and total pressure = sum of partial pressures) |
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| kinetic molecular theory (how it affects laws) |
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| -volume and forces between them are negligable -molecules move randomly -perfectly elastic collisions |
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| biggest derivation from ideal gas laws |
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| High pressure and low temperature, or greater size |
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| Only thing that can change kinetic energy |
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| TEMPERATURE! |
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| phase diagram (critical point, triple point,) |
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| temp which above vapor cannot liquify |
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| change of states (s-->l, etc) |
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| s<-->l l<-->g s<-->g sublimation / deposition |
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| lattice NRG equation |
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| E=kQ1Q2/r (Q size, R distance, Q more important) |
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| mole fraction, molarity, molality, |
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| n1/ntotal, |
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| Raoult's law (how to use it) |
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| Pa=Xa x Pa (pressure = mole fraction x pressure of pure solvent) |
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| Osmosis (how to use it) |
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| ?=Mparticles x R x T |
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| Le Chatelier's principle |
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| -increase concentration move away -increase pressure move to less moles of g -increase temperature treat exo like product, vise versa -inert gas no difference - |
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| Kc --> Kp conversion |
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| Kp=Kc(RT)^N(moles product - moles reactant) |
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| F --> C conversion |
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| F = 9/5C+32 |
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| arrhenius deffinition vs BL deffinition |
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| acid = increase H+/OH-, BL acids donate and basses accept |
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| Lewis acid vs. Lewis base |
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| electron pair acceptors(a) and donors(b) |
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| Complex ions |
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| metal surrounded by ligands (lewis bases). Coordiation number = number of ligands attatched = double/opposite the charge of the cation |
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| amphoterism |
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| can act as both an acid and a base |
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| oxidation number rules |
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| F always -1 |
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| Electrochemistry (galvanic, etc) things to remember |
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| cathode = reduction, anode = oxidation, Cathode + in galv and - in electrolytic, electrons from anode --> cathode, mass forms at cathode. |
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| hydrolysis |
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| amp x seconds = columbs, columbs x (1 mol e / 96500 columbs) x (1 mol cu / 2 mol e) x (xg/1 mol cu) |
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| how to approach buffers |
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| TALK ABOUT IT! |
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| how to find rate if not held constant |
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| r1/r2=()()1/()()2 |
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| graphs = which order? |
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| 0: At straight 1st : ln At straight (.693/k=T.5) 2nd : 1/At straight (1/K(At)=T.5) |
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| rate determining step (how to calcualte Cl in fast) |
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| write equilibrium equation, then solve so wanted one is left in equation [CL2]=k[Cl]^.5 and thats the order |
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| state function |
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| doesn't depend on pathway |
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| Calorimetry (bomb vs. coffee cup equations) |
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| deltaQ=cdeltaT (usually KJ) vs. deltaQ=mCdeltaT (joules, H2O=4.184) |
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| boiling point vs. freezing poing equaitons (i) |
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| FP = subtract, BP=add |
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| G relating to H and S |
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| HSG -+-YAY, +-+NO, --LOW, ++HIGH |
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| phase changes (plateu and slope equations) |
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| plateau: mol x Hvap or fus (KJ) slope: mass x t x cp |
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| rms and effusion |
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| Urms = sqroot(3RT/M), rate A / Rate B = Sqrt(Mb/Ma) = timeB/timeA |
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| DC: colors |
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| MnO4- is purple, Mn2+ is light pink, Cr2O7-2 is orange, Cr3+ is green, I2 is purple, Br2 is brown/orange, Fe is yellow, Cr is yellow, |
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| solubility rules! |
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| NAACCIBRAS SOLUBLE (Nitrates, acetates, alkali, chlorates, chloride bromide iodide except HgAgPb, Ammonium, Sulfate BaPbAgHgCaSb |
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| DC: 4 special types |
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| carbonate --> oxide + CO2 chlorate --> chloride + O2 peroxide --> oxide hydroxide --> oxide + H2O |
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| DC: random things to remember |
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| nonmetallic --> acid metallic --> base acitve metal + H20 --> H2 + Base Acid + Carbonate --> CO2 + the rest heated = decomposed |
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| ORGANIC CHEM! |
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| TALK ABOUT IT! |
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| IMF affecting boiling/freezing |
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| HIGH BP = HIGH IMF = LOW FP |
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| IMF affecting vapor pressure |
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| HIGH VP = LOW IMF = HIGH VOLAITY |
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| equation for vapor pressures and temperatures |
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| lN (VP1/VP2) = HVAP(j) / 8.314 (1/T2-1/T1) |
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| size vs. solubility |
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| HIGH SIZE = HIGH LDF = HIGH POLARIZABLILITY = HIGH SOLUBILITY |
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| K vs Ea and T equation |
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| ln (K1/K2) = Ea(j) /8.314 (1/T2-1/T1) |
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| Transition metal charges (Lead, Copper, Nickel Tin, Iron) |
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| Pb 2 and 4, Cu 1 and 2, Ni 2 and 3, Tin 2 and 4, Iron 2 and 3 |
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| Bicarbonate, bisulphate, cyanide, manganate, chromate, dichromate, thiosulfate. |
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| HCO3-, HSO4-, CN-, MnO3-,CrO4 2-, Cr2O72-, S2O32- |
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| Aufbau, Pauli Exclusion, Hunds |
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| lowest first, no two electrons can have same 4, maximum number of unpaired electrons |
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| formal charge |
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| valence electrons - (unpaired electrons + number of bonds) |
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| units of rate constant for 0, 1, 2, 3 |
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| m s-1, s -1, m-1 s-1, m-2 s -1 |
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| fission vs. fusion |
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| a large nucleus (U235) decays into smaller particles vs. a small nuclei fuses into larger particles |
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| Strong Acids |
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| HClO4, HClO3, HNO3, HCL, HBR, HI, H2SO4 |
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| Parent Acid/Base rules |
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| SA+SB = neutral, SA+WB=acidic, WA+SB=basic, WA+WB=look at Ka or Kb |
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| K relating to G |
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| negativeG=K>1, 0G=K=1, positiveG= K<1 |
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| thermochemistry equations |
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| G?=-RTln(K), G=G?+RT(LnK), G?=-NFE?, |
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| Nernst |
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| Ecell = E?Cell - .0591/nF log(K) |
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| Nernst at equilibrium |
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| E?=.0592/n log (K) |
