A&P Ch. 5 – Flashcards
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If a fair-skinned person is sunburned, why does his or her skin turn red? a. Increased heat causes the skin to turn red. b. The blood flow to the skin increases as part of the inflammatory response. c. The number of red melanocytes in the skin increases. d. Melanocytes increase production of red pigments. e. The blood supply to the skin decreases.
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b. The blood flow to the skin increases as part of the inflammatory response
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The layer of the skin that contains the blood vessels and nerves that are closest to the surface of the skin is the ________ layer. epidermal subcutaneous reticular hypodermal papillary
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papillary
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All of the following are true of epidermal ridges except that they a. contain increased numbers of free nerve endings. b. cause ridge patterns on the surface of the skin. c. extend into the dermis. d. produce patterns that are determined genetically. e. interconnect with the dermal papillae.
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a. contain increased numbers of free nerve endings
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The effects of aging on the skin include a. an increased blood supply to the dermis. b. thickening of the epidermis. c. a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands. d. increased production of vitamin D. e. an increased number of sweat glands.
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c. a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands
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With aging, hair turns gray or white due to which of the following causes? a. reduction in dendritic cells b. decreased hormone levels c. constriction of dermal blood vessels d. decreased melanocyte activity
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d. decreased melanocyte activity
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________ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make the skin appear orange or yellow. Melanin Chlorophyll Bilirubin Hemoglobin Carotene
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Carotene
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In the stratum basale, which of the following specialized epithelial cells are sensitive to touch? keratinocytes tactile discs dendritic cells melanocytes
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tactile discs
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Dandruff is often a disorder that results in dry skin flakes forming in the scalp. A common cause of dandruff could be lack of lamellated corpuscles. inactive apocrine sweat glands. overactive arrector pili muscles. inactive merocrine sweat glands. inflammation around sebaceous glands.
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inflammation around sebaceous glands.
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Glands that discharge an oily secretion into hair follicles are ________ glands. ceruminous merocrine sweat mammary apocrine sweat sebaceous
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sebaceous
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The most dangerous type of skin cancer is termed basal cell carcinoma. cyanosis. malignant melanoma. melanosome. metastasis.
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malignant melanoma
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Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except protection of underlying tissue. synthesis of vitamin C. maintenance of body temperature. excretion of salts and wastes. provision of sensation.
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synthesis of vitamin C.
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A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a scab. a keloid. granulation tissue. a clot. a lesion.
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a keloid.
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Accessory structures of the skin include all of the following except sebaceous glands. sweat glands. hair follicles. lamellated corpuscles epidermis.
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epidermis
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Wrinkles in elderly individuals are the result of a. increased keratinization of the epidermis. b. the loss of glands and hair follicles from the skin. c. increased production of epidermis. d. decreased thickness of the dermis. e. loss of elastic filaments in the reticular layer of the dermis.
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e. loss of elastic filaments in the reticular layer of the dermis
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While walking barefoot on the beach, Joe stepped on a thorn that penetrated through the sole of his foot to the dermis. How many layers of epidermis did the thorn penetrate? 1 2 3 4 5
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5
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An intradermal injection is administered into which layer? 1 2 3 below layer 5 5
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3
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The substance called sebum is commonly known as milk. regular sweat. earwax. skin oil. odiferous sweat.
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skin oil
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The layer of the skin that provides a barrier against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical injuries is the sebum layer. epidermis. subcutaneous layer. stratum corneum. dermis.
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epidermis
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From what structure does merocrine secretion occur? ceruminous gland mammary gland apocrine sweat gland sebaceous gland eccrine sweat gland
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eccrine sweat gland
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Why would an elderly person be more prone to skin infections than a younger person? a. Skin repairs take longer in the elderly. b. The epidermis is thinner in the elderly. c. There are fewer dendritic cells in the skin of the elderly. d. All of the answers are correct.
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d. all of the answers are correct
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All of the following are accessory structures of the skin except sweat glands. sebaceous glands. subcutaneous fat. hair follicles. nails.
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subcutaneous fat
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Which layer is the primary barrier against environmental hazards? 1 2 3 4 5
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1
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Which is true regarding skin cancers? a. Skin cancers are the most common types of cancers. b. The keratin in keratinocytes protects the DNA in epidermal cells against the effects of UV radiation. c. Malignant melanomas never metastasize. d. Basal cell carcinomas are extremely dangerous and metastasize rapidly through the lymphatic system.
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a. Skin cancers are the most common types of cancers.
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Variations in hair color reflect differences in structure and variations in the pigment produced by melanocytes that are located__________. at the cuticle at the hair papilla at the hair matrix at the hair root
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at the hair matrix
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Nail production occurs at the nail cuticle. hyponychium. root. bed. body.
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root
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Which layer contains most of the accessory organs? 1 2 3 below layer 5 5
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3
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Perspiration is produced by ________ glands. ceruminous sebaceous apocrine sweat mammary merocrine sweat
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merocrine sweat
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These hormones, which can be released during times of stress, loosen the connections between keratinocytes. sex hormones glucocorticoids growth hormones thyroid hormones
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glucocorticoids
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The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer. papillary reticular subcutaneous hypodermal epidermal
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reticular
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The layer of hard keratin that coats the hair is termed the cuticle. root. medulla. hair bulb. shaft.
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cuticle
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The tough "horny" superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the stratum corneum. stratum lucidum. stratum basale. stratum granulosum. stratum spinosum.
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stratum corneum
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Earwax is produced by ________ glands. sebaceous merocrine sweat ceruminous apocrine sweat eccrine sweat
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ceruminous
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Vitamin ________ is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight. A B C D E
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D
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The terms "thick" and "thin" refer to the relative thickness of which of the following? hypodermis dermis cutaneous membrane epidermis
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epidermis
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At the base of a nail, keratinized skin called the cuticle is also called the hyponychium. phalanx. eponychium. cerumen. lunula.
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eponychium.
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The layer of dividing cells at the base of the epidermis is the stratum corneum. stratum lucidum. stratum basale. stratum granulosum. stratum spinosum.
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stratum basale.
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An albino individual lacks the ability to produce keratin. hemoglobin. perspiration. melanin. carotene.
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melanin
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The combination of fibrin clot, fibroblasts, and extensive capillary network that is formed in injured skin is called a scab. a keloid. granulation tissue. a clot. a lesion.
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granulation tissue
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The two components of the integumentary system are the a. epidermis and superficial fascia. b. cutaneous membrane and hypodermis. c. epidermis and dermis. d. integument and hypodermis. e. cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.
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e. cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.
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All of the following are true of the hypodermis except it a. permits independent movement of deeper structures. b. contains large amounts of adipose tissue. c. stores energy reserves. d. contains many blood vessels. e. is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane.
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e. is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane.
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Scar tissue is the result of a. large numbers of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area. b. a thickened stratum basale in the area of the injury. c. increased numbers of fibroblasts in the injured area. d. a lack of sebaceous glands in the injured area. e. increased numbers of epidermal layers in the area of the injury.
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a. large numbers of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area.
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Large quantities of keratin are found in the epidermal layer called the stratum corneum. stratum lucidum. stratum basale. stratum granulosum. stratum spinosum.
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stratum corneum.
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________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas. Apocrine; merocrine; sebaceous Merocrine; apocrine; sebaceous Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine Apocrine; sebaceous; merocrine Sebaceous; merocrine; apocrine
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Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine
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Which tissue is located in the region labeled "2"? cartilage and blood reticular connective tissues areolar connective tissue adipose tissue stratified squamous epithelium
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areolar connective tissue
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Thin skin contains ________ layer(s) and thick skin contains ________ layers. 5; 6 3; 4 4; 5 1; 2 2; 3
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4; 5
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A fibrin clot that is formed over a skin wound is called a scab. a keloid. granulation tissue. a clot. a lesion.
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a scab
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The nail body covers the nail bed. nail root. hyponychium. free edge. lunula.
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nail bed
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Types of skin cancers include a. basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. b. malignant melanoma only. c. cyanosis only. d. basal cell carcinoma only. e. cyanosis and malignant melanoma.
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a. basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma.
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The ________ glands in the axilla become active at the time of puberty. apocrine sweat ceruminous axillary sebaceous merocrine sweat
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apocrine sweat
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Rickets develop in growing children who are not exposed to sunlight and have a deficiency of ______. EGF glucocorticoids growth hormone cholecalciferol
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cholecalciferol
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If the papilla of a hair follicle is destroyed, a. the texture of the hair will become coarser. b. the hair produced by the follicle will change from terminal to vellus. c. the follicle will lose its blood supply. d. the color of the hair will become lighter. e. hair production will not be affected.
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c. the follicle will lose its blood supply.
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Melanin is produced by melanocytes within the stratum corneum. lucidum. spinosum. granulosum. basale.
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basale
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Vitamin D3 formed within the skin has all of these effects on other organ systems except that it a. is essential for bone growth. b. is essential for bone maintenance. c. functions in the activation of plasma cells by the lymphatic system. d. is essential for absorption of calcium and phosphorus by the digestive system. e. functions as a precursor for the hormone calcitriol in the endocrine system.
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c. functions in the activation of plasma cells by the lymphatic system.
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The primary pigments contained in the epidermis are hemoglobin and carotene. tyrosine and melanin. carotene and tyrosine. carotene and melanin. melanin and hemoglobin.
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carotene and melanin
