AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 5 – Flashcards

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The large molecules of all living things fall into just four main classes. Name them
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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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Which of the four main classes are macromolecules
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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
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Macromolecules
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a molecule containing a lot of molecules
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plymer
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long molecule of identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds made up of smaller ones
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monomer
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the repeating unites the serve as the building blocks of polymers
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Monomers are connected in what type of reactions? What occurs in this reaction?
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a reaction of two molecules through the loss of water. Condensation / Dehydration reaction. One gives OH- and the other -H
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Large molecules (polymers) are converted to monomers in what type of reaction?
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hydrolysis
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Hydro
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water
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Lysis
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break
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When two monomers are joined, a molecule of _______ is always removed
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water H2O
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is glucose a monomer or polymer
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polymer
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What are the monomers of all carbohydrates?
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monosaccharides glucose, fructose, galactose
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C=O
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altose
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--OH
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ketose
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What is the difference between aldehyde sugar and ketone sugar?
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Aldehyde sugars have a hydrogen atom attatched to the carbon oxygen double bond. whereas ketone sugars do not.
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Compounds that have the some molecular formulas but have different structural formulas
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enantiomers
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The disaccharide sucrose is formed from which two monosaccharides? Where is it found?
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Glucose and Fructose. Plants
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Maltose is formed from which two monosaccharides? Where is it found?
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Glucose and Glucose. Alcohol
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Lactose is formed from which two monsaccharides? Where is it found?
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Glucose and Galactose. Dairy
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The root ose means
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full of
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What is a glycosidic linkage
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a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
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What are the two categories of polysaccharides? Give an example of both
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Storage (starch, glycogen)(helical). Structural (cellulose, chitin)(distinct shape)
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Why can you not digest cellulose? What animal can?
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Cows. Cows have a fungi within their stomachs that allows them to digest cellulose
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Has 1-4 B glucose linkages
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starch
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is a storage polysaccharide produced by vertebrates;stored in your liver
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glycogen
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two monomers of this form maltose
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glucose
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glucose and _____ form sucrose
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frucose
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monosaccharide commonly called "fruit sugar"
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fructose
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milk sugar
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lactose
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structural polysaccharide that gives cockroaches their crunch
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chitin
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malt sugar, used to brew beer
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maltose
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structural polysaccharide that comprises plant cell walls
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cellulose
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Lipids include fats, waxes, oils, phospholipids, and steroids,What characteristic do all lipids share?
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They are all non polar
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What are the building blocks of fats?
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glycerol and fatty acids
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Name two saturated fats
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palmatic acid, lard, butter
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Name two unsaturated fats
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olive oil, fish oil
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Why are many unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?
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the double or triple bonds preventt solidification
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What is trans fat? Why should you limit them in your diet?
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hydrogenation of an unsaturated fat. it leads to cardiovascular disease
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list four important functions of fats
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energy storage, heat, cushions vital organs, more efficient energy
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Why is the "tail" hydrophobic?
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hydrocarbons
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Why are the tails on the inside
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because they dont like water
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Function and Example of Enzymatic protein
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acceleration of chemical reactions. digestive enzymes
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Function and Example of Structural Proteins
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support. collagen, keratin (hair)
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Function and Example of Storage Proteins
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amino acid storage. casein
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Function and Example of Transport Proteins
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transportation. hemoglobin
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Function and Example of Contractile Proteins
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movement actin, myosin (contraction of muscles)
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Dipeptide
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a peptide of two amino acids and residues
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Polypeptide
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polymers of amino acids
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when two amino acids are positioned so that they carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other. They become joined by a dehydration reaction.
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Peptide Bond
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Explain the Primary Level of a Protein Structure
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the unique sequence of amino acids. determined by DNA. example: transthyretin
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Explain the Secondary (II) Level of a Protein Structure
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Polypeptide chains repeatedly coiled or folded into patterns that contribute to the proteins overall shape. example: Alpha helix Alpha keratin
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Explain the Tertiary Level (III) of a Protein Structure
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the overall shape of a polypeptide. example: hydrophobic interaction
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Explain the Quaternary (IV) Level of a Protein Structure
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The overall protein structure resulting from the oxygenation of the polypeptide. example: collagen
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What is the flow of genetic information from DNA to Protein
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1. synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus. 2. movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore. 3. synthesis of protein.
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Denaturation
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When a protein unravels and loses its native shape
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How does denaturation happen
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transfer from (aq) to organic solvent. chemicals that disrupt H bonds. excessive heat.
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What are the nitrogen bases found in DNA
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cytosine (c), thymine (t), adenine (a), guanine (g)
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What are the four found in RNA?
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cytosine, thymine, uracil, guanine
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How doe ribose and deoxyribose suguars differ?
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The second carbon is bonded with an H on deoxyribose and an OH in ribose
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What are the three components of a nucleotide?
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nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar, phosphate group
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What two molecules make up the uprights?
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deoxyribose, phosphates
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What molecules make up the rungs?
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adenine-thymine cytosine-guanine
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