AP Biology Chapter 8 Study Guide – Flashcards

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The totality of an organism's chemical reactions
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metabolism
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What is this called?
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metabolic pathway
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Degradative processes that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
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Catabolic pathways
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Consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones
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Anabolic pathways
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The study of how energy flows through living organisms
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bioenergetics
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energy in motion
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Kinetic energy
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the capacity to cause change
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Energy
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Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.
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Heat
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Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
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Potential energy
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Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
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Chemical energy
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Complex molecules, such as glucose, are _____ in chemical energy.
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High
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The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
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thermodynamics
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What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
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energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be destroyed
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The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the ______________.
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principle of conservation of energy
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What does the second law of thermodynamics state?
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every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
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A measure of disorder or randomness
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entropy
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For a process to occur spontaneously, it must __________ the entropy of the universe.
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increase
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Is cellular respiration an example of catabolic or anabolic metabolism?
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catabolic
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Is protein synthesis an example of catabolic or anabolic metabolism?
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anabolic
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The portion of a system's energy that can perform work when the temperature and pressure are uniform throughout a system
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free energy
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Symbol for the change in free energy
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∆G
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What is the formula used to calculate the free energy for a chemical reaction?
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∆H - T∆S
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∆H stands for a system's ______.
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Total energy
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∆S stands for a system's _______.
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Total entropy
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T stands for a system's _______.
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Absolute temperature in Kelvin
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What must a system give up in order to proceed spontaneously?
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order and/or enthalpy
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What must be true about ∆G for a reaction to occur spontaneously?
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∆G must have a negative value
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∆G can be negative only when the process involves a ______ of free energy during the change from initial state to final state.
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loss
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Unless something prevents it, a system will tend to move toward more ________.
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stability
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A state of maximum stability
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equilibrium
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As a reaction proceeds toward equilibrium, the free energy of the mixture of reactants and products ________.
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decreases
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If a change moves a system away from equilibrium, will ∆G be positive or negative?
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positive
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Do systems ever spontaneously move away from equilibrium?
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No
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This type of reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.
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exergonic reaction
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Is ∆G positive or negative for an exergonic reaction?
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negative
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The only type of reactions that occur spontaneously are __________ reactions.
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exergonic
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What type of reaction does this graph represent?
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exergonic
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What type of reaction does this graph represent?
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endergonic
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Energy is ________ in an exergonic reaction.
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released
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Energy is ________ in an endergonic reaction.
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required
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An __________ reaction absorbs energy from its surroundings and has a positive ∆G.
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endergonic
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This type of reaction does not occur spontaneously.
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endergonic
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A cell that has reached metabolic equilibrium can do no work and is _____.
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dead
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What are the three main types of work done by a cell?
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chemical, transport, and mechanical
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The use of an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic one
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energy coupling
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The release of energy during the hydrolysis of ATP comes from the __________________________.
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chemical change to a state of lower free energy
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The transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule in order to spur an endogenic reaction causes the recipient of the phosphate group to be known as ______________.
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phosphorylated
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ATP is a ______ resource that can be regenerated by the addition of phosphate to ADP.
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renewable
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ATP phosphorylating transport proteins is an example of ________ work.
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transport
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ATP binding noncovalently to motor proteins, and then being hydrolyzed, is an example of ________ work.
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mechanical
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A macromolecule that acts as a catalyst
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enzyme
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Energy required to contort reactant molecules such that their bonds can break.
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Activation energy
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At the summit of a reaction, the reactants are in an unstable condition known as the ______________.
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transition state
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Can two products form a spontaneous (exergonic) reaction and not react? If so, why?
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Yes, because if the activation energy that is necessary to contort the molecules to a state where they can react is too high, they won't reach their activation energy barrier.
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This speeds a reaction by allowing reactants to attain the transition state more often but would be an inappropriate solution for biological systems.
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Heat
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How do enzymes catalyze reactions?
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they lower the activation energy necessary for a reaction to proceed
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Can enzymes cause a reaction between reactants that would not have reacted otherwise?
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No.
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The reactant an enzyme acts on
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substrate
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The restricted region of an enzyme molecule that actually binds to the substrate
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active site
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A change in an enzyme due to repeated interactions with a substrate that slightly alter its shape and make it more effective
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induced fit
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An enzyme can catalyze either the forward or the reverse reaction, depending on which direction has a ___________.
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negative ∆G
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The net effect of an enzyme is always in the direction of __________.
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equilibrium
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Non-protein helpers for catalytic activity
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cofactors
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Inhibitors which block substrates from entering active sites by mimicking the substrates and attaching to the active sites are called ___________.
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competitive inhibitors
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Competitive inhibition can be overcome by _______________________.
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increasing the concentration of substrate
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Inhibitors which do not directly compete with substrates to bind to the enzyme at the active site, and instead impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme, are called ____________________.
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noncompetitive inhibitors
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_________ and ________ are often irreversible enzyme inhibitors.
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toxins and poisons
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____________ regulation describes any case in which a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate size.
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allosteric
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This molecule can bind to a regulatory site and stabilize the shape that has functional active sites
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allosteric activator
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This molecule can bind to a regulatory site and stabilizes the shape that has non-functional, inactive sites.
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allosteric inhibitor
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If an enzyme has two or more substrates, a substrate molecule causing induced fit in one subunit can trigger the same favorable change in all other subunits of the enzyme. This mechanism is known as _____________, and it amplifies the response of enzymes to substrates.
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cooperativity
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A metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early on in the pathway in this process.
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feedback inhibition
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