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The totality of an organism's chemical reactions

answer

metabolism

question

What is this called?

answer

metabolic pathway

question

Degradative processes that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

answer

Catabolic pathways

question

Consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones

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Anabolic pathways

question

The study of how energy flows through living organisms

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bioenergetics

question

energy in motion

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Kinetic energy

question

the capacity to cause change

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Energy

question

Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.

answer

Heat

question

Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

answer

Potential energy

question

Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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Chemical energy

question

Complex molecules, such as glucose, are _____ in chemical energy.

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High

question

The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

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thermodynamics

question

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

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energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be destroyed

question

The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the ______________.

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principle of conservation of energy

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What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

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every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

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A measure of disorder or randomness

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entropy

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For a process to occur spontaneously, it must __________ the entropy of the universe.

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increase

question

Is cellular respiration an example of catabolic or anabolic metabolism?

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catabolic

question

Is protein synthesis an example of catabolic or anabolic metabolism?

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anabolic

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The portion of a system's energy that can perform work when the temperature and pressure are uniform throughout a system

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free energy

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Symbol for the change in free energy

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∆G

question

What is the formula used to calculate the free energy for a chemical reaction?

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∆H - T∆S

question

∆H stands for a system's ______.

answer

Total energy

question

∆S stands for a system's _______.

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Total entropy

question

T stands for a system's _______.

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Absolute temperature in Kelvin

question

What must a system give up in order to proceed spontaneously?

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order and/or enthalpy

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What must be true about ∆G for a reaction to occur spontaneously?

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∆G must have a negative value

question

∆G can be negative only when the process involves a ______ of free energy during the change from initial state to final state.

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loss

question

Unless something prevents it, a system will tend to move toward more ________.

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stability

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A state of maximum stability

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equilibrium

question

As a reaction proceeds toward equilibrium, the free energy of the mixture of reactants and products ________.

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decreases

question

If a change moves a system away from equilibrium, will ∆G be positive or negative?

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positive

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Do systems ever spontaneously move away from equilibrium?

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No

question

This type of reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.

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exergonic reaction

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Is ∆G positive or negative for an exergonic reaction?

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negative

question

The only type of reactions that occur spontaneously are __________ reactions.

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exergonic

question

What type of reaction does this graph represent?

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exergonic

question

What type of reaction does this graph represent?

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endergonic

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Energy is ________ in an exergonic reaction.

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released

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Energy is ________ in an endergonic reaction.

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required

question

An __________ reaction absorbs energy from its surroundings and has a positive ∆G.

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endergonic

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This type of reaction does not occur spontaneously.

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endergonic

question

A cell that has reached metabolic equilibrium can do no work and is _____.

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dead

question

What are the three main types of work done by a cell?

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chemical, transport, and mechanical

question

The use of an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic one

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energy coupling

question

The release of energy during the hydrolysis of ATP comes from the __________________________.

answer

chemical change to a state of lower free energy

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The transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule in order to spur an endogenic reaction causes the recipient of the phosphate group to be known as ______________.

answer

phosphorylated

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ATP is a ______ resource that can be regenerated by the addition of phosphate to ADP.

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renewable

question

ATP phosphorylating transport proteins is an example of ________ work.

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transport

question

ATP binding noncovalently to motor proteins, and then being hydrolyzed, is an example of ________ work.

answer

mechanical

question

A macromolecule that acts as a catalyst

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enzyme

question

Energy required to contort reactant molecules such that their bonds can break.

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Activation energy

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At the summit of a reaction, the reactants are in an unstable condition known as the ______________.

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transition state

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Can two products form a spontaneous (exergonic) reaction and not react? If so, why?

answer

Yes, because if the activation energy that is necessary to contort the molecules to a state where they can react is too high, they won't reach their activation energy barrier.

question

This speeds a reaction by allowing reactants to attain the transition state more often but would be an inappropriate solution for biological systems.

answer

Heat

question

How do enzymes catalyze reactions?

answer

they lower the activation energy necessary for a reaction to proceed

question

Can enzymes cause a reaction between reactants that would not have reacted otherwise?

answer

No.

question

The reactant an enzyme acts on

answer

substrate

question

The restricted region of an enzyme molecule that actually binds to the substrate

answer

active site

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A change in an enzyme due to repeated interactions with a substrate that slightly alter its shape and make it more effective

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induced fit

question

An enzyme can catalyze either the forward or the reverse reaction, depending on which direction has a ___________.

answer

negative ∆G

question

The net effect of an enzyme is always in the direction of __________.

answer

equilibrium

question

Non-protein helpers for catalytic activity

answer

cofactors

question

Inhibitors which block substrates from entering active sites by mimicking the substrates and attaching to the active sites are called ___________.

answer

competitive inhibitors

question

Competitive inhibition can be overcome by _______________________.

answer

increasing the concentration of substrate

question

Inhibitors which do not directly compete with substrates to bind to the enzyme at the active site, and instead impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme, are called ____________________.

answer

noncompetitive inhibitors

question

_________ and ________ are often irreversible enzyme inhibitors.

answer

toxins and poisons

question

____________ regulation describes any case in which a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate size.

answer

allosteric

question

This molecule can bind to a regulatory site and stabilize the shape that has functional active sites

answer

allosteric activator

question

This molecule can bind to a regulatory site and stabilizes the shape that has non-functional, inactive sites.

answer

allosteric inhibitor

question

If an enzyme has two or more substrates, a substrate molecule causing induced fit in one subunit can trigger the same favorable change in all other subunits of the enzyme. This mechanism is known as _____________, and it amplifies the response of enzymes to substrates.

answer

cooperativity

question

A metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early on in the pathway in this process.

answer

feedback inhibition

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