AP Biology Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea – Flashcards
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character
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a heritable feature that varies among individuals
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trait
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each variant of a character
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true-breeding
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organisms that, when reproducing, create offspring of all the same variety
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hybridization
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the crossing of two true-breeding parents
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P generation
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the name for the true-breeding parents
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F1 Generation
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the hybrid offspring of true-breeding parents
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F2 Generation
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after the self-polonization of the F1 generation, this is produced.
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The Law of Segregation
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1. alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters. 2. for each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent. 3. two alleles for a heretable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes.
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dominant allele
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determines organisms apperence
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recessive allele
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has no noticible affect on organisms appearence
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Punnett square
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a diagram for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup
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homozygous
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an organism having a pair of identical alleles for a character, either dominant or recessive
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phenotype
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an organisms traits
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genotype
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an organisms genetic makeup
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testcross
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the result of breeding a recessive homozygote with an organism of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype
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monohybrids
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parent heterozygous for one character
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dihybrids
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heterozygous for two characters
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law of independent assortment
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each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation
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multiplication rule
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to determine the probability, we multiply the probability of one event by the probability of another
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addition rule
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the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities
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complete dominance
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the situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable
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codominance
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the situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote
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incomplete dominance
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the situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele
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Tay-Sachs disease
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inherited disorder in humans. the brain cells of a baby with this disease are unable to metabolize certain lipids because a crucial enzyme does not work properly. as these lipids accumulate in the brain cells, an infant begins to suffer seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental preformance.
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pleiotropy
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multiple phenotypic effects, common for most genes
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epistasis
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a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus. the mice color, review
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quantitative characters
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characters that vary in the population along a continuum (in gradations)
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polygenic inheritance
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an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
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norm of reaction
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the range of phenotypic possibilities due to environmental influences.
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multifactoral
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many factors, both genetic and environmental, influence phenotype
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pedigree
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the assembling of information about a particular trait into a family tree describing the interrelationships of parents and children across the generations
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Cystic Fibrosis
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most common lethal genetic disorder in the us. normal allele for this gene codes for a membrane protein that functions in chloride ion transport between certain cells and the extracellular fluid. these chloride transport channels are defective or absent in the plasma membrane of children who inherit two recessive alleles for this disorder. results in abnormally high concentraion of extracellular chloridem which causes the mucus that coats cells to become thicker and the buildup causes many problems
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sickle-cell disease
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the most common inherited disease of people of african decent. caused by a substitution of an amino acid in the hemoglobin protein of red blood cells. when an individuals blood oxygen is low, the cells turn into rod shaped ones. clump and clog blood vessels.
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Huntington's disease
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dominantly inherited, degenerative disease caused by dominant allele that has no obvious phenotypic effect until the individual is 35-45. leads to deterioration of the nervous system
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aminocentesis
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14-16 week of pregrancy. determines if fetus has taysachs. physician inserts a needle in the unterus and extracts extracellular fluid. MUST BE CULTURED. Takes awhile.
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chorionic villus sampling CVS
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physician inserts a narrow tube in the cervix to the uterus, takes part of placenta, tests for taysachs and others. preformed 8-10th wk of pregnancy, do not have to wait to culture.
