question

5 stages of digestion:

answer

Ingestion- selective intake of food Digestion- mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body Absorption- uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the blood lymph Compaction- absorbing water and consolidating the indigestible residue into feces Defacation- elimination of feces

question

Accessory organs of the digestive system:

answer

-teeth -tongue -salivary glands -liver -gallbladder -pancreas

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These are all accessory organs of the digestive system except:

answer

Spleen

question

Mesenteries:

answer

connective tissue sheets that loosely suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall

question

The small intestine is suspended from the abdominal wall by:

answer

the mesentery

question

Tongue:

answer

muscular, bulky, but remarkably agile and sensitive organ

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About tongue:

answer

-nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium covers the surface -Lingual Papillae: bumps and projections on the tongue that are the sites of the taste buds

question

The surface of the tongue is covered with ____ stratified squamous epithelium and has bumps called ______ site of taste buds

answer

nonkeratinized; lingual papillae

question

From superficial to deep, these are the structures found in a typical tooth:

answer

Enamel, dentin, pulp

question

Solutes found in saliva:

answer

-Mucus: binds and lubricates the food bolus -Electrolytes: salts of Na+, K+, Cl-, phosphate, and biocarbonate -Lysozyme: enzyme that kills bacteria -Salivary amylase: enzyme that begins starch digestion in the mouth -Lingual lipase: enzyme that begins fat digestion in the mouth (but mainly after food is swallowed)

question

These are normally found in saliva except:

answer

Protease

question

The swallowing center is located in:

answer

medulla oblongata

question

Acid reflux into the esophagus(heartburn) is normally prevented by:

answer

the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

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Heartburn:

answer

burning sensation produced by acid reflux into the esophagus

question

Hydrochloric acid (HCI) is secreted by _____ cells

answer

parietal

question

______, which is secreted by ______ cells, is necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption

answer

intrinsic factor; parietal

question

_____ is a hormone, whereas _______ is an enzyme

answer

secretin; pepsin

question

The organ that stores excess glucose and releases it later into the blood is:

answer

the liver

question

A hepatic (portal) triad consists of:

answer

bile ductule, branch of the hepatic artery and branch of hepatic portal vein

question

Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to the hormone:

answer

cholecytokinin (CCK)

question

Small Intestine: Main site of Absorption: list structures/layers:

answer

There are three levels of structural modifications that facilitate maximal absorption: -Plicae circulares -Villi -Microvilli

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The small intestine has a very large absorptive surface associated with all these structures except:

answer

rugae

question

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ____, whereas protein digestion begins in the ______.

answer

mouth; stomach

question

The three most abundant classes of nutrients are:

answer

fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

question

Macronutrients include:

answer

Proteins, fats, carbohydrates

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______ yield about 4 kcal/g when completely oxidized, whereas ______ yield about 9 kcal/g

answer

Proteins and carbohydrates ; fats

question

Functions of Lipids:

answer

1. Within fat cells (adipocytes), they store energy left over from metabolism of food 2. As part of all cell membranes, they separate the different chemical environment between inside and outside the cell 3. In the endocrine system and elsewhere, they can serve as Chemical Messengers

question

Lipid functions include all of the following except:

answer

forming skeletal muscle fibers.

question

_____ constitutes the so-called " bad cholesterol"

answer

low density lipoproteins

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Which is the healthiest ratio?

answer

high HDL : low LDL

question

essential amino acids:

answer

amino acids that the body cannot synthesize in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs

question

Complete Protein vs Incomplete Protein:

answer

-Complete Proteins: (high quality) provide all of the essential amino acids in the necessary proportions for human tissue growth, maintenance, and nitrogen balance. -Incomplete Proteins: (low quality) lack one or more essential amino acids.

question

High-quality ______ proteins are those that provide all the essential amino acids.

answer

complete

question

World's most common vitamin deficiency:

answer

Vitamin A deficiency

question

Vitamin ____ deficiency is the most common world-wide.

answer

A (retinol)

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Most of the body's fat is stored as:

answer

triglycerides.

question

The process by which fatty acids are catabolized:

answer

beta oxidation

question

Incomplete fatty acid oxidation produces _____, which might lead to _____.

answer

ketone bodies; acidosis

question

Liver functions:

answer

-Wide variety of roles in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism -Overwhelming majority of its functions are nondigestive -Hepatocytes perform all functions, except phagocytosis -Degenerative liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer are especially life-threatening

question

The liver performs all of the following functions except:

answer

secretion of digestive enzymes

question

What metabolic process produces ammonia?

answer

deamination of glutamic acid

question

Factors that RAISE total metabolic rate (TMR):

answer

Physical activity, pregnancy, anxiety, fever, eating, and catecholamine and thyroid hormones

question

Factors that LOWER total metabolic rate (TMR):

answer

apathy, depression, and prolonged starvation

question

_____ does not raise total metabolic rate (TMR)

answer

Starvation

question

People on weight loss diets often lose weight quickly at first, but then more slowly. This is for all the following reasons except:

answer

the initial weight loss is mostly fat

question

Functions of the Respiratory System:

answer

-Provides oxygen to the blood stream and removes carbon dioxide -Enables sound production or vocalization as expired air passes over the vocal chords. -Enables protective and reflexive nonbreathing air movements such as coughing and sneezing, to keep the air passages clear -Control of Acid-Base balance -Control of blood pH

question

upper respiratory tract:

answer

first part of the respiratory system; consists of nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx & trachea

question

The upper respiratory tract extends:

answer

from the nose through the larynx

question

Which of the following does not have cilia?

answer

respiratory bronchioles

question

Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except:

answer

the epiglottis

question

Which of the following cartilages is largest?

answer

the thyroid cartilage

question

In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?

answer

bronchiole diameter

question

The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is called:

answer

inspiratory reserve volume

question

Dyspnea:

answer

Labored, gasping breathing; shortness of breath

question

Tachypnea:

answer

Accelerated respiration

question

Apnea:

answer

Temporary cessation of breathing (one or more skipped breaths)

question

Orthopnea:

answer

Dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying down or in any position other than standing or sitting erect (seen in heart failure, asthma, emphysema, and other conditions)

question

Which has the highest concentration in the air we breathe?

answer

nitrogen

question

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to _____ oxygen molecules.

answer

4

question

Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue?

answer

hypoxia

question

Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia?

answer

sickle-cell disease

question

Congestive heart failure results in which of the following?

answer

ischemic hypoxia

question

Emphysema:

answer

alveolar walls break down and the lung exhibits larger but fewer alveoli

question

Chronic Bronchitis:

answer

cilia are immobilized and reduced in number, while goblet cells enlarge and produce excess mucus

question

small-cell (oat-cell) carcinoma:

answer

least common, most dangerous form of lung cancer. Named for clusters of cells that resemble oat grains. Originates in main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly to other organs.

question

A lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli is:

answer

emphysema

question

_____ is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum.

answer

Chronic bronchitis

question

COPD:

answer

any disorder in which there is a long-term obstruction of airflow and a substantial reduction in pulmonary ventilation

question

cor pulmonale:

answer

(what COPD also leads to) hypertrophy and potential failure of the right heart due to obstruction of the pulmonary circulation

question

Which of these is most likely to result from contact between contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa?

answer

acute rhinitis

question

Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi?

answer

adenocarcinoma

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