A&P 2 Test 3 – Flashcards
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5 stages of digestion:
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Ingestion- selective intake of food Digestion- mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body Absorption- uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the blood lymph Compaction- absorbing water and consolidating the indigestible residue into feces Defacation- elimination of feces
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Accessory organs of the digestive system:
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-teeth -tongue -salivary glands -liver -gallbladder -pancreas
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These are all accessory organs of the digestive system except:
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Spleen
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Mesenteries:
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connective tissue sheets that loosely suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall
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The small intestine is suspended from the abdominal wall by:
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the mesentery
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Tongue:
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muscular, bulky, but remarkably agile and sensitive organ
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About tongue:
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-nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium covers the surface -Lingual Papillae: bumps and projections on the tongue that are the sites of the taste buds
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The surface of the tongue is covered with ____ stratified squamous epithelium and has bumps called ______ site of taste buds
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nonkeratinized; lingual papillae
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From superficial to deep, these are the structures found in a typical tooth:
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Enamel, dentin, pulp
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Solutes found in saliva:
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-Mucus: binds and lubricates the food bolus -Electrolytes: salts of Na+, K+, Cl-, phosphate, and biocarbonate -Lysozyme: enzyme that kills bacteria -Salivary amylase: enzyme that begins starch digestion in the mouth -Lingual lipase: enzyme that begins fat digestion in the mouth (but mainly after food is swallowed)
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These are normally found in saliva except:
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Protease
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The swallowing center is located in:
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medulla oblongata
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Acid reflux into the esophagus(heartburn) is normally prevented by:
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the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
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Heartburn:
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burning sensation produced by acid reflux into the esophagus
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Hydrochloric acid (HCI) is secreted by _____ cells
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parietal
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______, which is secreted by ______ cells, is necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption
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intrinsic factor; parietal
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_____ is a hormone, whereas _______ is an enzyme
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secretin; pepsin
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The organ that stores excess glucose and releases it later into the blood is:
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the liver
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A hepatic (portal) triad consists of:
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bile ductule, branch of the hepatic artery and branch of hepatic portal vein
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Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to the hormone:
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cholecytokinin (CCK)
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Small Intestine: Main site of Absorption: list structures/layers:
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There are three levels of structural modifications that facilitate maximal absorption: -Plicae circulares -Villi -Microvilli
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The small intestine has a very large absorptive surface associated with all these structures except:
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rugae
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Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ____, whereas protein digestion begins in the ______.
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mouth; stomach
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The three most abundant classes of nutrients are:
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fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
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Macronutrients include:
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Proteins, fats, carbohydrates
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______ yield about 4 kcal/g when completely oxidized, whereas ______ yield about 9 kcal/g
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Proteins and carbohydrates ; fats
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Functions of Lipids:
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1. Within fat cells (adipocytes), they store energy left over from metabolism of food 2. As part of all cell membranes, they separate the different chemical environment between inside and outside the cell 3. In the endocrine system and elsewhere, they can serve as Chemical Messengers
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Lipid functions include all of the following except:
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forming skeletal muscle fibers.
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_____ constitutes the so-called " bad cholesterol"
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low density lipoproteins
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Which is the healthiest ratio?
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high HDL : low LDL
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essential amino acids:
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amino acids that the body cannot synthesize in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs
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Complete Protein vs Incomplete Protein:
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-Complete Proteins: (high quality) provide all of the essential amino acids in the necessary proportions for human tissue growth, maintenance, and nitrogen balance. -Incomplete Proteins: (low quality) lack one or more essential amino acids.
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High-quality ______ proteins are those that provide all the essential amino acids.
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complete
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World's most common vitamin deficiency:
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Vitamin A deficiency
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Vitamin ____ deficiency is the most common world-wide.
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A (retinol)
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Most of the body's fat is stored as:
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triglycerides.
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The process by which fatty acids are catabolized:
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beta oxidation
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Incomplete fatty acid oxidation produces _____, which might lead to _____.
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ketone bodies; acidosis
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Liver functions:
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-Wide variety of roles in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism -Overwhelming majority of its functions are nondigestive -Hepatocytes perform all functions, except phagocytosis -Degenerative liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer are especially life-threatening
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The liver performs all of the following functions except:
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secretion of digestive enzymes
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What metabolic process produces ammonia?
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deamination of glutamic acid
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Factors that RAISE total metabolic rate (TMR):
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Physical activity, pregnancy, anxiety, fever, eating, and catecholamine and thyroid hormones
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Factors that LOWER total metabolic rate (TMR):
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apathy, depression, and prolonged starvation
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_____ does not raise total metabolic rate (TMR)
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Starvation
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People on weight loss diets often lose weight quickly at first, but then more slowly. This is for all the following reasons except:
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the initial weight loss is mostly fat
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Functions of the Respiratory System:
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-Provides oxygen to the blood stream and removes carbon dioxide -Enables sound production or vocalization as expired air passes over the vocal chords. -Enables protective and reflexive nonbreathing air movements such as coughing and sneezing, to keep the air passages clear -Control of Acid-Base balance -Control of blood pH
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upper respiratory tract:
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first part of the respiratory system; consists of nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx & trachea
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The upper respiratory tract extends:
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from the nose through the larynx
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Which of the following does not have cilia?
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respiratory bronchioles
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Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except:
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the epiglottis
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Which of the following cartilages is largest?
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the thyroid cartilage
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In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?
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bronchiole diameter
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The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is called:
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inspiratory reserve volume
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Dyspnea:
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Labored, gasping breathing; shortness of breath
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Tachypnea:
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Accelerated respiration
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Apnea:
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Temporary cessation of breathing (one or more skipped breaths)
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Orthopnea:
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Dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying down or in any position other than standing or sitting erect (seen in heart failure, asthma, emphysema, and other conditions)
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Which has the highest concentration in the air we breathe?
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nitrogen
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Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to _____ oxygen molecules.
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4
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Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue?
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hypoxia
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Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia?
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sickle-cell disease
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Congestive heart failure results in which of the following?
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ischemic hypoxia
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Emphysema:
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alveolar walls break down and the lung exhibits larger but fewer alveoli
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Chronic Bronchitis:
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cilia are immobilized and reduced in number, while goblet cells enlarge and produce excess mucus
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small-cell (oat-cell) carcinoma:
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least common, most dangerous form of lung cancer. Named for clusters of cells that resemble oat grains. Originates in main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly to other organs.
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A lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli is:
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emphysema
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_____ is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum.
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Chronic bronchitis
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COPD:
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any disorder in which there is a long-term obstruction of airflow and a substantial reduction in pulmonary ventilation
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cor pulmonale:
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(what COPD also leads to) hypertrophy and potential failure of the right heart due to obstruction of the pulmonary circulation
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Which of these is most likely to result from contact between contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa?
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acute rhinitis
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Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi?
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adenocarcinoma