question

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?

answer

protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses

question

________ are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.

answer

Cytokines

question

Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency.

answer

The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.

question

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?

answer

passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

question

Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?

answer

NK cells are a type of neutrophil.

question

Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?

answer

replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

question

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) trigger the release of ________ to attract white blood cells to the scene.

answer

cytokines

question

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?

answer

phagocytes

question

The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the ________.

answer

cytotoxic cells

question

Helper T cells ________.

answer

function in the adaptive immune system activation

question

Regulatory T cells ________.

answer

may function in preventing autoimmune reactions

question

The primary immune response ________.

answer

has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

question

Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity?

answer

pathogens in the CNS

question

Cytotoxic T cells ________.

answer

are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells

question

Graft rejection may be caused by ________.

answer

using a xenograft

question

Interferons ________.

answer

interfere with viral replication within cells

question

________ predominate at the sites of chronic infections.

answer

Macrophages

question

Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?

answer

a second exposure to an allergen

question

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.

answer

natural killer cells

question

Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.

answer

Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.

question

The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________.

answer

chemotaxis

question

Immunocompetence ________.

answer

is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it

question

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?

answer

After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.

question

Innate immune system defenses include ________.

answer

phagocytosis

question

Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?

answer

Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.

question

Which of the following is not a type of T cell?

answer

antigenic

question

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.

answer

opsonization

question

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?

answer

chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing

question

Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies.

answer

Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection.

question

Select the correct statement about complement.

answer

An adaptive immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target

question

Antibody functions include all of the following except ________.

answer

cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched

question

Delayed hypersensitivities ________.

answer

include allergic contact dermatitis

question

________ determine(s) what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist.

answer

Our genes

question

Clonal selection of B cells ________.

answer

results in the formation of plasma cells

question

Which statement is true about T cells?

answer

Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.

question

Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________.

answer

haptens

question

In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?

answer

antigen

question

Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities?

answer

They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.

question

Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system?

answer

It is specific for a given organ.

question

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________.

answer

juvenile diabetes

question

Phagocyte mobilization involves ________.

answer

mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas

question

Select the correct statement about antigens.

answer

One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.

question

Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self."

answer

Tolerance is developed during fetal life.

question

Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity?

answer

helper T cell

question

Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?

answer

reactivity with an antibody

question

Which of the statements below does not describe antigens?

answer

Antigens only come from microbes.

question

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.

answer

bone marrow

question

Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?

answer

activating cytokines

question

Which of the following is true about the number of binding sites per functional antibody unit?

answer

IgM contains 10 binding sites.

question

Fever ________.

answer

production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting

question

Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?

answer

type II diabetes

question

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.

answer

producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells

question

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.

answer

vasodilation

question

Select the correct definition about tissue grafts.

answer

Isografts are between identical twins

question

The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds.

answer

disulfide

question

Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?

answer

allergic contact dermatitis

question

Natural killer (NK) cells ________.

answer

can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated

question

Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies?

answer

composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains

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