Anthro Test 2 Practice Qs – Flashcards

The tendency of people living in the Peruvian Andes to develop a voluminous chest and lungs for life at very high altitudes provides an example of a(n) A. genetic adaptation B. long-term physiological adaptation C. short-term physiological adaptation D. cultural adaptation E. archeological adaptation

What is the term for the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses? A. Ethnology B. Ethnography C. Cultural resource management D. Adaptation E. Phenotype

Horticulture makes intensive use of A. labor. B. land. C. machinery. D. capital. E. none of the factors of production.

Which of the following is found in all human societies? A. Gender-based division of labor B. Transhumance C. Highly specialized technology D. Domestication of animals for food E. Terracing

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by most present-day foragers? A. They primarily fish for subsistence. B. They are wholly dependent on welfare supplied by state-level societies. C. They live largely in isolation from food-producing neighbors and the influence of the state. D. They live in marginal environments. E. They adopted foraging after abandoning more advanced subsistence strategies.

Foraging economies are usually associated with which type of sociopolitical organization? A. Band B. Tribe C. State D. Chiefdom E. Complex chiefdom

Which of the following statements concerning the Basseri and the Qashqai is true? A. Both were nomadic foraging groups in Iran. B. A symbiotic relationship existed between the Basseri, who were nomadic pastoralists, and the Qashqai, who were horticulturalists. C. The Basseri "big man" (tonowi) could enforce his decisions, whereas the Qashqai village head could only lead by example. D. The Qashqai authority structure was more complex and hierarchical than that of the Basseri. E. The Basseri and Qashqai were two of the age sets in Melanesian society.

What distinction do Gezon and Kottak draw between culture and society? A. Culture is the result of higher education, whereas society is shared by all people. B. People share society―organized life in groups―with other animals, but culture is distinctly human. C. Culture is genetically programmed, whereas society is transmitted through social learning. D. People attain culture through international travel but society is the social environment of their native land. E. Society rests more upon certain features of human biology than culture does.

All humans were foragers until approximately A. 10 million years ago. B. 1 million years ago. C. 100,000 years ago. D. 10,000 years ago. E. 1,000 years ago.

An obligatory interaction between groups or organisms that is beneficial to each is known as A. cultivation. B. swiddening. C. fallowing. D. symbiosis. E. transhumance.

Which of the following is not one of the adaptive strategies included in Cohen's typology? A. Pastoralism B. Redistribution C. Agriculture D. Industrialism E. Foraging

In band societies, what typically determines the amount of respect or status that an individual enjoys? A. Rank ascribed at birth B. Culturally valued personal attributes C. The individual's possessions and their monetary value D. The amount of labor that the individual can extract from his or her spouse and children E. Genealogical relationships to apical ancestors

Which of the following statements about leaders in foraging bands is true? A. They retain their power by maintaining strong ties with the commoner class. B. They inherited privileged access to strategic resources. C. They maintain control by conquering foreign territories. D. They have no means of forcing people to follow their decisions. E. They are the dominant males in the largest, most powerful descent groups.

What term refers to the type of pastoral economy in which the entire group moves with the animals throughout the year? A. Nomadism B. Migration C. Transhumance D. Potlatching E. Redistribution

Why does a big man accumulate wealth? A. Big men are chiefs who are trying to make their achieved status more permanent by engaging in conspicuous symbolic displays of wealth. B. The term big man refers to the liminal state that a Kapauku youth enters before marriage, during which he accumulates wealth in order to fund the wedding and pay the brideprice. C. Big men typically are war leaders and as such they must maintain a supply of "grievance gifts" to compensate the families of warriors who die under their command. D. To become a big man, an individual must wear a tonowi shell necklace, which is imported from the coast and is therefore quite expensive by Kapauku standards. E. Big men do not keep the wealth they accumulate but rather redistribute it to create and maintain alliances with political supporters.

How does horticulture differ from agriculture? A. The former involves the use of domesticated animals, whereas the latter does not. B. Because they do not irrigate their fields, agriculturalists are more dependent on seasonal rains. C. Agriculture frequently involves the use of terraces, while horticulture does not. D. The former is labor intensive, while the latter is land intensive. E. Horticulture's long-term yield is far greater and more dependable than that of agriculture.

The term alienation is used to describe what phenomenon in industrial economies? A. Peasants' loss of land B. An increasing subculture of poverty C. Negative reciprocity D. The separation of workers from the things they produce E. The great distances that separate the homes and workplaces of most people

Which of the following is not typical of state societies? A. A primarily foraging-based subsistence strategy B. Class stratification C. Boundary maintenance systems D. Intensive agriculture E. Fiscal systems

Which of the following traits is unique to humans? A. Social life B. Tool use C. Meat eating D. Food sharing E. Kinship

The emergence of agriculture in at least seven different regions of the world is an example of A. acculturation. B. enculturation. C. independent invention. D. colonization. E. diffusion.

Transhumance is a form of A. horticulture. B. pastoralism. C. foraging. D. agriculture. E. reciprocity.

Means of production include A. foraging, horticulture, agriculture, and pastoralism. B. the market principle, redistribution, and reciprocity. C. generalized, balanced, and negative reciprocity. D. kinship, descent, and marriage. E. land, labor, and technology.

Which of the following groups are not foragers? A. Basseri (Iran) B. Australian aborigines C. Mbuti (Congo) D. Eskimos (Alaska and Canada) E. San (Kalahari Desert)

What kind of social unit is common among foragers? A. Tribe B. Chiefdom C. Segmentary lineage D. State E. Band

What is the basis of political organization in states? A. Kinship and marriage B. Segmentary lineage organization C. Influence D. Monopoly of force by a central authority E. Egalitarian social organization

For most of human history, people lived in societies characterized by what kind of sociopolitical organization? A. Band B. Tribe C. Chiefdom D. State E. Complex chiefdom

Which of the following statements about shifting cultivation is true? A. It typically involves the use of draft animals. B. It cannot support permanent villages. C. It requires irrigation. D. It requires cultivators to let exhausted plots of land lie fallow for several years. E. It relies extensively on chemical fertilizers.

Which of the following is associated with horticultural systems of cultivation? A. Intensive use of land and human labor B. Irrigation and terracing C. Use of draft animals D. Location in arid areas E. Slash-and-burn techniques