Anthro 101 Ch 1 & 14 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
anthropological linguistics
answer
The anthropological study of languages.
question
anthropology
answer
A discipline that studies human nature, human society and human past - all aspects of humanity and how they relate to each other.
question
applied anthropology
answer
(ALSO: practicing anthropology) The branch of anthropology that concerns itself with applying anthropological knowledge to achieve practical goals, usually in the service of an agency outside the traditional academic setting.
question
practicing anthropology
answer
(ALSO: applied anthropology) The branch of anthropology that concerns itself with applying anthropological knowledge to achieve practical goals, usually in the service of an agency outside the traditional academic setting.
question
archaeology
answer
The branch of anthropology that seeks to reconstruct the daily life and customs of peoples who lived in the past and to trace and explain cultural changes. Often lacking written records for study, archaeologists must try to reconstruct history from the material remains of human cultures.
question
biological anthropology
answer
(ALSO: physical anthropology) The study of humans as biological organisms, dealing with the emergence and evolution of humans and with contemporary biological variations among human populations,
question
physical anthropology
answer
(ALSO: biological anthropology) The study of humans as biological organisms, dealing with the emergence and evolution of humans and with contemporary biological variations among human populations,
question
cross-cultural researcher
answer
An ethnologist who uses ethnographic data about many societies to test possible explanations of cultural variation to discover general patterns about cultural traits - what is universal, what is variable, why traits vary, and what the consequences of the variability might be.
question
cultural anthropology
answer
The study of cultural variation and universals in the past and present.
question
descriptive linguistics
answer
(ALSO: structural linguistics) The study of how languages are constructed.
question
structural linguistics
answer
(ALSO: descriptive linguistics) The study of how languages are constructed.
question
ethnographer
answer
A person who spends some time living with, interviewing, and observing a group of people to describe their customs.
question
ethnography
answer
A description of a society's customary behaviours and ideas.
question
ethnohistorian
answer
An ethnologist who uses historical documents to study how a particular culture has changed over time.
question
ethnology
answer
The study of how and why recent cultures differ and are similar.
question
fossils
answer
The hardening remains or impressions of plants and animals that lived in the past.
question
historical archaeology
answer
A specialty within archaeology that studies the material remains of recent peoples who left written records.
question
historical linguistics
answer
The study of how languages change over time.
question
holistic
answer
Refers to an approach that studies many aspects of a multifaceted system.
question
Homo sapiens
answer
All living people belong to our genus, Homo. Similar enough to 'Homo habilis' that some paleoanthropologists make no distinction between the two.
question
human paleontology
answer
(ALSO paleoanthropology) The study of the emergence of humans and their later physical evolution.
question
human variation
answer
The study of how and why contemporary human populations very biologically.
question
paleoanthropology
answer
(ALSO: human paleontology) The study of the emergence of humans and their later physical evolution.
question
prehistory
answer
The time before written records.
question
Primates
answer
A member of the mammalian order Primates, divided into the two suborders of prosimians and anthropoids.
question
primatologists
answer
People who study primates.
question
sociolinguistics
answer
The study of cultural and subcultural patterns of speaking in different social contexts.
question
What is anthropology concerned with?
answer
Anthropology is concerned with typical biological and cultural characteristics, similarities and differences, of human populations in all periods and in all parts of the world.
question
adaptive customs
answer
Adaptive traits that enhance survival and reproductive success in a specific environment.
question
cultural/historical relativism
answer
The attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be viewed within the context of that society's time period, problems and opportunities.
question
culture (with a little c)
answer
The set of learned behaviours, beliefs, attitudes,values, and ideals that are characteristic of a particular society or other social group.
question
ethnocentric
answer
Refers to judgement of other cultures solely in terms of one's own culture.
question
ethnocentrism
answer
The attitude that other societies' customs and ideas can be judged in the context of one's own culture.
question
maladaptive customs
answer
Cultural traits that diminish the chances of survival and reproduction in a particular environment.
question
norms
answer
Standards and rules about what is acceptable behaviour, the importance of which can be judged by how members of that society respond when the norm is violated.
question
society
answer
A group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a common lanuage not generally understood by neighbouring peoples. By this definition, societies do not necessarily correspond to nations.
question
subculture
answer
The shared customs of a subgroup within a society.
question
another term for applied anthropology
answer
practicing anthropology
question
another term for biological anthropology
answer
physical anthropology
question
another term for physical anthropology
answer
biological anthropology
question
another term for practicing anthropology
answer
applied anthropology
question
another term for structural linguistics
answer
descriptive linguistics
question
another term for descriptive linguistics
answer
structural linguistics
question
another term for human paleontology
answer
paleoanthropology
question
another term for paleoanthropology
answer
human paleontology
question
holism (anthropologically)
answer
the theory that, in the study of humans (past and present), all of the facets have an existence together, and must be studied as one multi-faceted entity... they are "not just a sum of its parts" (Dictionary.com)
question
What are the four fields of anthropology?
answer
1. Biological (Physical) Anthropology 2. Archaeology 3. Cultural Anthropology 4. Linguistic Anthropology
question
What are the three subfields of Biological (physical) Anthropology?
answer
1. Paleoanthropology (human paleontology) 2. Primatology 3. Modern Human Adaptation and Variation
question
This field of anthropology studies the biological aspects of humans.
answer
Biological (physical) anthropology
question
This field of anthropology studies the origin of humans and their evolution
answer
Biological (physical) anthropology
question
This field of anthropology studies contemporary human populations and their condition (disease, trauma, lifecycles, nutrition, etc)
answer
Biological (physical) anthropology
question
This field of anthropology studies have an interest in material remains of societies to understand contemporary and pre-historic cultures and cultural change.
answer
Archaeology
question
This field of anthropology studies has an interest in material remains of societies to reconstruct the daily lives and customs of past peoples.
answer
Archaeology
question
This field of anthropology studies uses material remains in order to determine the shape of the culture at the time, human organization, condition of the physical environment, technology used, health of the people, cause of cultural change or collapse, etc.
answer
Archaeology
question
This field of anthropology seeks to understand different groups and societies by focusing on culture.
answer
Cultural Anthropology
question
5 key concepts of Cultural Anthropology
answer
1. holistic perspective 2. ethnography 3. ethnology 4. participant observation 5. cultural and historical relativism
question
Environmental anthropology is a sub-discipline of this field.
answer
Cultural Anthropology
question
Military Anthropology is a sub-discipline of this field.
answer
Cultural Anthropology
question
Political Anthropology is a sub-discipline of this field.
answer
Cultural Anthropology
question
Anthropology of religion is a sub-discipline of this field.
answer
Cultural Anthropology
question
Ethnobotany is a sub-discipline of this field.
answer
Cultural Anthropology
question
Ethnography of communication is a sub-discipline of this field.
answer
Linguistic Anthropology
question
Language planning/revitalization is a sub-discipline of this field.
answer
Linguistic Anthropology
question
participant observation
answer
Living among the people being studied - observing (and making notes), questioning (noting the questions), (when possible) taking part in the important events of the group, and noting things to check out later.
question
This field of anthropology studies language and communication.
answer
Linguistic Anthropology
question
This field of anthropology studies how communication affects perception.
answer
Linguistic Anthropology
question
This field of anthropology studies variation in communication methods between cultures and subcultures.
answer
Linguistic Anthropology
question
This field of anthropology studies the evolution of language in humans.
answer
Linguistic Anthropology
question
What is the relevance of anthropology?
answer
It gives a better understanding of the human condition, diversity and social issues. Focusses on the age-old question: what is the nature of being human?
question
How is anthropology different from other disciplines?
answer
The holistic approach is unique - all aspects, all humans, all time periods...
question
What are the social origins of anthropology? (theoretical & disciplinary)
answer
Theoretical development 16th-19th centuries (colonialism, Darwin),,,disciplinary context, late 19th century.
question
How did Charles Darwin add to the origins of anthropology?
answer
His ideas about evolution and natural selection among other things made more and more people question their own origins.
question
How did colonialism add to the origins of anthropology?
answer
While encountering new cultures and new societies, many people from the colonial counties began wondering about their own culture and society. **traditionally began as a study of the non-western...soon the western grew curious about themselves
question
What is "Culture with a capital c?"
answer
"C"ulture refers to the parts or aspects of a society that are regarded as desirable, something to strive for.
question
2 Evolutionists in Anthropology
answer
Lewis Henry Morgan Edward Tyler
question
Lewis Henry Morgan
answer
Early evolutionist. Famous for speculating that family evolves through six stages of development.
question
Edward Tyler
answer
Early evolutionist. Maintained that culture evolved from the simple to the complex and that all societies passed through three basic stages of development.
question
8 Elements of Culture that facilitates its capacity
answer
1. Transmission 2. Memory 3. Reiteration 4. Innovation 5. Selection 6. Symbolic coding/representation 7. Complex symbolic coding/representation 8. institutional development
question
Who is Franz Boas?
answer
Papa Boas - father of cultural relativism...scientific approach, documentation, Historic Particularism
question
Direct cultural constraints
answer
Constraints that are obvious, universally known in the society - don't walk around naked, don't murder, etc. These constraints are usually laws or bylaws.
question
Indirect cultural constraints
answer
Constraints that are less obvious and less harshly punished if broken - ie wearing a bunny costume to class.
question
3 Aspects to consider when understanding culture
answer
1. shared vs individual behaviour 2. learned vs biological behaviour 3. integration/patterned behaviour
question
What did evolutionists believe?
answer
Culture generally develops (or evolves) just as species do: in a uniform and progressive manner.
question
Three stages of human's cultural development, per evolutionist Edward Tyler (1832-1917).
answer
1. Savagery 2. Barbarism 3. Civilization
question
Six stages of Family, according to evolutionist Lewis Henry Morgan.
answer
1. a horde living in promiscuity 2. group marriage practiced: siblings can marry 3. group marriage still practiced; siblings can't marry 4. loosely pairing of m/f, still lived in groups 5. husband-dominant (one man several wives) 6. monogamy
question
what is cultural relativism?
answer
Society's customs and ideas should be viewed within the context of that society's past, problems and opportunities.
question
What is ethnocentrism?
answer
Judging another culture based on the context of their own.
