ANTH101 Exam 1 sp.17 – Flashcards
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In the textbook, anthropology is defined as the study of
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Human nature, human society, and the human past
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Holism in anthropology is defined in the text as
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Integrating what is known about human beings and their activities at an inclusive level
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To say that anthropology is comparative means that
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Anthropological generalizations must draw on evidence from many different societies and cultures
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A study that examines how economics, politics, religion, and kinship shape one another in a specific society is called
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Holistic
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According to the text, evolution may be understood broadly as
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Change over time
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According to the text, culture consists of
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Sets of learned behavior and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society
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To emphasize that human beings are biocultural organisms means that
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Both A and B Human bio & culture both contribute to human behavior && Human bio makes culture possible and vice versa
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To say that anthropology is a field-based discipline means that
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All of the above are true
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The branch of anthropology that is concerned with discovering what makes human beings different from other living organisms and what human beings share with other members of the animal kingdom is called
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Biological anthropology
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By the early twentieth century, some anthropologists and biologists concluded that the concept of "race" was
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A cultural label invented by human beings to sort people into groups
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A contemporary cultural anthropologist is likely to study
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Any of the above
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The subfield of anthropology that is concerned with proposing solutions to practical problems is called
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Applied anthropology
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An extended period of close involvement with the people whose life is of interest to them is called
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Fieldwork
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An anthropologist is sitting in the town square in a Bolivian village watching a group of women who are chatting. One wanders over and asks the anthropologist if she would like to join them in shopping for thread for their looms and then help to string the looms. She agrees, and they go off together. This form of research is called
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Participant-observation
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A description of a particular culture is called an
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Ethnography
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A comparative study of many cultures is called
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Ethnology
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The major specialty within anthropology that involves the analysis of the material remains of the human past is
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Archaeology
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In a world in which people from different cultural backgrounds come into contact with one another for extended periods, anthropology offers a
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solution to cultural misunderstanding
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Anthropologists place their observations about human nature, society and past in a temporal framework that takes into consideration change over time relies on theories of
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Evolution
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Which of the following is true about the rapidly growing field of medical anthropology?
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Medical anthropologists support the proposition that humans are biocultural organisms.
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Evolutionary theory is based on a set of
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Testable hypotheses
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The claim that "living species can change over time...
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Evolutionary Theory
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In your text, evolution is defined as
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The process of change over time
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That view that every "natural kind" of living thing is characterized by an unchanging core of features and separated from all other natural kinds by a sharp break is
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Essentialism
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A single hierarchy of all organisms, each differing slightly from the ones above and below it was known as
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The Great Chain of Being
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A system of biological classification is called
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Taxonomy
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The father of modern biological classification is the title often given to
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Carolus Linnaeus
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The level of Linnean taxonomy in which different species are grouped together
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Genus
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Who among the following asserted that, over time, some species had been suddenly wiped out and replaced by new species from somewhere else?
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Georges Cuvier
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Lamarkian evolution is also known as
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Transformational evolution
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the idea of inheritance of acquired characters holds that
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The physical result of the use or disuse of organs could be passed from one generation to the next
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Darwin's innovation in defining the species was to emphasize
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How individual members of a species differ
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Which of the following is NOT an element of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?
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Crossing-over
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In Darwinian terms, who are the fit?
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Those who reproduce and replace themselves
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The shaping of useful features of an organism by natural selection for the function they now perform
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adaptation
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In Mendelian genetics, those genetic characteristics that are expressed in an organism are said to be
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Dominant
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In modern terms, Mendel's principle of segregation holds that
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An individual receives one chromosome of each pair of chromosomes from each parent
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Natural selection acts on
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Randomly produced variation
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The genetic information about particular biological traits encoded in an organism's DNA.
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genotype
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The subfield of evolutionary studies that focuses on long-term evolutionary changes is
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Macroevolution
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The subfield of evolutionary studies that focuses on short-term evolutionary changes is
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Microevolution
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A reproductive community that occupies a specific niche
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Species
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The field that focuses on the study of short-term evolutionary change in a given species is known as
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MIcrogenetics
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Denial of the existence of biological race
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All of the above
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According to the text, if humanity cannot be divided into a series of genetically distinct units, then
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The concept of race is biologically meaningless
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Which of the following is an example of genetic drift
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Both A & B Bottleneck, founder effect
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Today many biologists agree that the most intense pressures our species faces come from what
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global climate change
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A well-known example of a balanced polymorphism is
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Sickle-cell anemia
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when human beings move into an area that seems too cold for them, they can wear clothing, build shelters, or cluster around a fire. these activities can be called
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plasticity
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Which of the following cultural practices have shaped the levels of pigmentation in human populations?
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All of the above
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The process by which one species gradually transforms itself into a new species over time is called
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Phyletic gradualism
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The slow, gradual transformation of a single species over time.
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anagenesis
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The theory of punctuated equilibrium is based on the observation that
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All of the above
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For punctuationists, the "motor" of speciation is
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All of the above (Guess)
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there is increasing evidence that the genetic changes that underlie speciation may be based on
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Mutations in regulatory genes that govern the timing of interrelated biological processes
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A process in which natural selection is seen to operate among variant, related species within a single genus, family, or order.
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species selection
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Why is it that scores on IQ tests do not demonstrate racial differences in intelligence?
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All of the above.
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Which of the following is an example of acclimatization?
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Both A and B
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Some observers attribute human-like feelings and attitudes to nonhuman primates because these primates closely resemble human beings in outward physical appearance. This practice is called
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Anthropomorphism
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The term used in textbook for physical shape and size of an organism or its body parts is its
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Morphology
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Wings on birds and bats are an example of
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An analogous trait
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Species in which two species with very different evolutionary histories develop similar physical features as a result of adapting to a similar environment is known as a( n )
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Analogy
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What a species eats, how it finds mates, raises its young, relates to companions, and protects itself from predators is known as the species
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Ecological niche
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tarsiers are included with anthropoids in the primate suborder haplorhini because
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B and C
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Which of the following is not an anthropoid
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None of the above
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When males and females of the same species show observable phenotypic differences in, for example, size, the species is said to show
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Sexual Dimorphism
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The bones of the head, excluding the jaw.
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cranium
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mandible
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The lower jaw
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The form of vision in binocular animals which produces depth perception is known as:
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Stereoscopic vision
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among gorillas
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Both females and males transfer out the group in which they were born
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Adult Male Gorillas
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Both A and B
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Y-5 molars are found in which of the following primate groups
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Both A and B
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Bilophodont molars are now believed to be
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Later developments among Old World monkeys
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The first hominoids appeared in
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Africa
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Which of the following is NOT an ancestral characteristic of primates
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Stereoscopic vision
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Which of the following is NOT an evolutionary trend in the primate order?
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Reduction in the number of digits on hands and feet
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Which of the following is NOT a unique feature of primates?
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Stereoscopic vision
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Which of the following has NOT been offered as explanation for the anatomical attributes of the earliest primates
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Life on the ground
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Walking on two feet rather than four is called
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Bipedalism
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A phenotypic pattern that shows how different traits or an organism, responding to different selection pressures, may evolve at different rates
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Mosaic Evolution
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Primates that walk on two feet are now called
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Hominoids
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Which of the following is NOT considered one of the four important areas of hominin evolution?
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Loss of body fur
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Most hominin fossils older than 3 million years of age are called
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Australopiths
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Which of the follwing abilities is NOT considered an advantage of bipedalism over quadrupedalism
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Climbing trees (guess)
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Organisms that eat a wide range of plant and animal foods are called
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Omnivorous
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Australopiths with small and lightly built faces are known as
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Gracile
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Australopiths with rugged jaws, flat faces, and enormous molars are known as
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Robust
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The famous "Lucy" fossil was found in
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Ethiopia
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The Lucy fossil is famous because
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Her skeleton was 40% intact
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The foramen magnum is the
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Hole at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes on its way to the brain (educated guess)
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The Laetoli footprints
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Appear to have been made by a hominin with a striding gait and short, straight toes
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The style of stone-tool making that involed knocking a few flakes off tennis ball sized rocks to produce cutting edges
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Oldowan tradition
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Rick Potts
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Use the stones found in the area (guess)
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The species of large-brained, robust hominins that lived between 1.8 and 0.4 mya is
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Homo erectus
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Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of the skull of Homo erectus?
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A sagittal crest
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Biological anthropologist Richard Wrangham suggests that cooking food affected human evolution in which of the following ways:
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Smaller teeth evolved
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The Neandertals are
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Hominin fossils from Europe and western Asia that apparently evolved from an earlier population of archaic Homo sapiens about 130,000 years ago
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Compared with Neandertals, anatomically modern human beings
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Are less robust
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Stone tools that are at least twice as long as they are wide
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Blades
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The most striking evidence for a modern human capacity for culture in the Upper Palelithic/Late Stone Age comes from
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Art
