ANTH 101 MidTerm v3 – Flashcards
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phonemes
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the minimal sound contrasts that distinguish meaning in a language
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pit/bit
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a minimal pair in Standard American English
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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argues that the language people speak influence the way they think
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diglossia
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regular shifting between "high" and "low" variants of a language
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kinesics
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the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and expressions
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syntax
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the arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences
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morphology
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the study of the forms in which sounds combine to form words and their meaningful parts
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linguistic displacement
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the ability to talk about things that are not present
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focal vocabulary
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the specialized set of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups
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sociolinguists
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they study speech in its social context
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Noam Chomsky
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linguist that argued that all human languages have a common structural basis and that all humans have similar linguistic abilities
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BEV
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most professional linguists regard this as a dialect of English; it is not a distinct language
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women
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tend to use language to build social connections with others
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lexicon
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all of a language's morphemes and their meanings
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linguists
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they believe that the world's linguistic diversity has been cut in half over the past 500 years
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daughter languages
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languages that have descended from the same ancestral language
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phonology
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the study of sounds used in speech
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creole languages
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after being spoken for generations, pidgins may develop into these; commonly found in regions where different linguistic groups came into contact with one another
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mutation in the FOXP2 gene
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the genetic difference that has been found between humans and chimpanzees that is likely responsible for the human capability for speech
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egalitarian
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a society that lacks status distinctions except those based on age, gender, and individual qualities, talents, and achievements
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Southern Mesopotamia
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where writing first developed in the Middle East
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H. sapiens sapiens
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the first hominin to arrive in the New World
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Neolithic
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the name given to the cultural period in which the first signs of domestication are present
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Mesopotamia
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the term for the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is today Iraq and southwestern Iran
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sedentism
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life in permanent settlements
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chiefdom
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a ranked society in which villages have lost their autonomy; the precursors to primary states
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10,000 B.P.
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in the Near East, when did the domestication of plants and animals begin to replace foraging as the basis of subsistence
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metallurgy
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knowledge of the properties of metals, including how to extract, process, and use them to make tools
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gene flow
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the transmission of genetic material between populations
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phenotype
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what natural selection acts on
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Mendelian genetics
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studies the ways in which chromosomes transmit genes across generations
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variation
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natural selection cannot work without this
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homologies
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used as a basis for assigning organisms to the same taxon (zoological category)
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great apes
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gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans
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Miocene
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when the first hominoids appeared
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Cenozoic
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the era that anthropologists are most interested in
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longitudinal ethnographic research
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the long-term study of a particular culture or society, frequently based on repeated visits
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primatologists
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study primates in both zoos and natural settings
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paleopathology
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the study of disease and injury in skeletons from archaeological sites
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historical archaeologists
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use written records to supplement the archaeological record
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sampling
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the collection of a representative subset of a larger population
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AAACE (American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics)
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designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field of anthropology, the host communities that allow them to conduct their research, and to society in general
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anthropometry
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the measurement of human body parts and dimensions
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ethnographer
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kind of researcher that has traditionally studied small, non-Western populations
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stratigraphy
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not an absolute dating technique
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participant observation
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taking part in the events one is witnessing and describing
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longitudinal research
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the study of an area or population over time
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genealogical method
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technique developed specifically because kinship and marriage relationships are so important in nonindustrial societies
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key cultural consultant
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an expert on a particular aspect of local life
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ethnography
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the firsthand, personal study of local settings
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biocultural perspective
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allows the inclusion of both biological and cultural approaches to comment or solve particular issue or problem
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ethnology
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the comparative, generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology
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four main sub disciplines of anthropology
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biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology anthropology
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material remains
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what anthropological archaeologists study
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paleoecology
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the study of interactions among past living things in a past environment
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adaptation
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term for the process by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses
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science
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a systematic field of study that uses experiment, observation, and deduction to produce reliable explanations of phenomena
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biocultural perspective
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the inclusion of both biological and cultural approaches
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paleoanthropologist
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a scientist who studies the fossil record of human evolution
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sociolinguistics
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the study of the relationships between social and linguistic variation
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applied anthropology
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the use of anthropological findings, concepts, and methods to accomplish a desired end
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cultural anthropologist
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an anthropologist studying ethnic-religious conflict in contemporary Sri Lanka
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enculturation
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process by which children learn culture
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practice theory
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anthropological approach that focuses on how people with different motives, intentions, and degrees of power and influence manage to create and transform the society in which they live
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symbol
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a sign that has no necessary or natural connection to the thing it stands for or signifies
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cultural relativism
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the argument that behavior in a particular culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture
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cultural universal
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some kind of family
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ethnocentrism
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viewing another culture in terms of your own culture and values
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cultural particulars
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features unique to a given culture, not shared with any others
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cultural generality
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nuclear family
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direct diffusion
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the kind of diffusion that takes place when two cultures trade, intermarry, or wage war on one another
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acculturation
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cultural change that results when two or more cultures have continuous firsthand contact
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globalization
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processes that are causing nations and people to be increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent
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independent invention
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the process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems; the emergence of agriculture in at least seven different regions of the world is an example of this
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ideal culture
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what people say they do or should do (as opposed to what they actually do)
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subcultures
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the different symbol-based patterns and traditions associated with particular groups within the same complex society
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all people
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what kinds of people do anthropologists consider to be "cultured"
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acculturation
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mechanism of cultural change that is responsible for pidgin English
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ethnography
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the firsthand, personal study of local settings
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adaptation
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the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses
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sociolingustics
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the study of the relationships between social and linguistic variation
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cultural relativism
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the argument that behavior in a particular culture should not be judge by the standards of another culture
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ethnocentrism
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viewing another culture in terms of your own culture and values
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gene pool
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all of the genetic material in a breeding population
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state
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kind of society is divided into social classes
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natural selection
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operates when there is competition for strategic resources
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state
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the name of a form of social and political organization that has a formal, central government and a division of society into classes
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H. sapiens sapiens
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hominin group that colonized the Americas
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broad-spectrum revolution
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the period when glacial retreats led to the exploitation of a greater variety of plant and animal foods
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Paleolithic
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"Old Stone Age"
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H. erectus
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the first hominin species to expand its range outside of Africa
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A. afarenis
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early form of australopithecus, found in ethiopia at Hadar ("Lucy") and in Tanzania at Laetoli; dating to the period between 3.8 and 3.0 m.y.a
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australopithecines
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varied group of Pliocene-Pleistoncene hominids; the term is derived from their former classification as members of a distinct subfamily, the Australopithecinae; now they are distinguished from Homo only at the genus level
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bipedalism
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upright two-legged locomotion, the key feature differentiating early hominins from the apes
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gracile
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opposite of robust
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hominid
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a member of the taxonomic family that includes humans and the African apes and their immediate ancestors
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hominin
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a member of the human lineage after its split from ancestral chimps; used to describe all the human species that ever have existed, including the extinct ones, but excluding chimps and gorillas
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Homo habilis
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term coined by L.S.B. and Mary Leakey; ancestor or contemporary of H. erectus; lived from about 1.9 to 1.44 m.y.a
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Oldowan pebble tools
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earliest (2.0 to 2.5 m.y.a.) stone tools; first discovered in 1931 by L.S.B. and Mary Leakey at Olduvai Gorge
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robust
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large, strong, sturdy; said of skull, skeleton, muscle, and teeth; opposite of gracile
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Acheulian
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derived from the French village of St. Acheul, where these tools were first identified; Lower Paleolithic tool tradition associated with H. erectus
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anatomically modern humans (AMHs)
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including the Cro-Magnons of Europe (31,000 B.P.) and the older fossils from Skhul (100,000) and Qafzeh (92,000); continue through the present
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archaic H. sapiens
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early H. sapiens, consisting of the Neandertals of Europe and the Middle East, the Neandertal-like hominins of Africa and Asia, and the immediate ancestors of all these hominids; lived from about 300,000 to 30,000 B.P.
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blade tools
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the basic Upper Paleolithic tool type, hammered off a prepared core
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Clovis tradition
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stone technology based on a projectile point that was fastened to the end of a hunting spear; it flourished between 12,000 and 11,000 B.P. in North America
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glacials
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the four or five major advances of continental ice sheets in northern Europe and North America
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interglacials
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extended warm periods between such major glacials as Riss and Wurm
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Mousterian
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Middle Paleolithictool-making tradition associated with Neandertals
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Neandertals
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H. sapiens neanderthalensis, representing an archaic H. sapiens subspecies, lived in Europe and the Middle East between 130,000 and 30,000 B.P.
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Paleolithic
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Old Stone Age; divided into Lower (early), Middle, and Upper (late)
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Pleistocene
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epoch of Homo's appearance and evolution; began 2 million years ago; divided into Lower, Middle, and Upper
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Upper Paleolithic
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blade-toolmaking traditions associated with AMHs; named from their location in upper, or more recent, layers of sedimentary deposits
