Animal Geography(Illes112) – Flashcards
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| Biogeography |
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Pattern of distribution of organisms. Questions: Why does an animal exist where it does?(i.e. Tortise on galapagos islands not not catalina?) -Distribution of animals WITH human influence. |
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| Ecology |
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| Study of interactions among organisms with everything else. |
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| Biomes |
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Collection of ecosystems distinguished by vegetative characteristics & climate. -Based on plants because they do not get up and move like animals do. |
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| Ecosystem |
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A Biological community & it's physical environment. -Within 1 biome there are many ecosystems |
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| Habitat |
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The natural environment in which an organism lives. -Where it would naturally thrive on its' own. -Breed easily, accessible food, water, shelter, appropriate climate, etc. |
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| Niche |
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An organism's physiological adaptation to, and interaction with, its' physical environment. -Like Darwins birds on Galapagos islands. |
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| What are the 2 types of animal geography? |
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Historical- When animal populations get separated by: Humans, river, or long range geological change. -History of animals & ancestral distribution, What are the species closest living relatives? -Discontinue of a species, divided up, one species adapts to new environment possibly turning into new species. Ecological- Animal evolving in personal environment. -I.e. Ungulates: any animal w/ a hoof(Camels, llama, etc) |
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| Number of animal species from lowest to highest |
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| Mammals-amphibians-reptiles-birds-fish-Inverebrates(1,300,000) |
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| Fish: 2 types, features of ancient ones & bones(Calcified?) |
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-2 Types:Raised fin/low fin & 2 types of Eggs: float or sink(depends on habitat) Ancient- no jaw(suckers), no stomach. Cartilaginous- Possess some bones(only teeth are calcifed)
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| Birds:Endo/or Ectothermic? Where do all penguins live? |
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Endothermic vertabrates, 4 chamber hearts, AMAZING Eye sight, VERY FAST METABOLISM. -Penguins don't all live where it's cold, found in VERY warm places(equador/Africa/Australia/Galapagos) |
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Mammals: What are mammory glands? How many earbones and what is importance? Define the 3 types!
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-Mammory glands: Nipples -Earbones: 3, provides balance. -Division of mammals: monotrems, marsupials, placentals. |
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| Monotrems |
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| Mammals; duck-billed platypus(egg layer), bird-like mammals; only mammal that is poisonous. |
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| Marsupials |
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Have babies in very young stages; hold in pouch to continue development. -This is due to harsh living environments(Australia) Kangaroos:OPTIMISTIC REPRODUCERS-embryo can wait upto 1 year until conditions are perfect & mother healthy enough to rear offspring. |
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| Nearctic |
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| Canada to Mexico(Includes Greenland) -Smallest # of all fauna families |
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| Neotropic |
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| -Central Mexico to bottom of S. America -Most endemic species -Favorable climate |
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| Oriental Realm |
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| Where: India, Phillipines, Indonesia |
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| Australia |
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| What:Most unique species; marsupials(Only marsupial in N. America= Opposum) |
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| Oceanic Realm |
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| Where:Does not include ocean itself,refers to all of islands not included in other regimes. |
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| Ethipoian Realm(Godwanda?)(terrain?)(Boundaries?) |
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| Where: Sub-Sahara Africa/Sahara desert/Ocean is barrier(makes it into an island essentially.) -Godwanda: Africa/S.America still connected, animals dispersed. -Lots of flat land easy to travel, always on move to find water. What: Cradle of Humanity(Uluvei Gorge-earliest human fossil);707% of Eurasian species can be found here. - -Lots of grazers(grass grows rapidly w/ floods.) - |
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| Lake Victoria(What realm?) |
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| 2nd biggest freshwater lake in world; Ethiopian realm |
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| why is megafauna only in africa? |
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| -humans eradicated them from rest of the world. - Change in climate. After last ice age 86% of megafauna went extinct. -No body really knows true reason, both theories apply to Africa as well so why haven't the megafauna died off? |
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| Where is Eastern Afromontane & what lives there? |
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| -Ethiopian Realm: Ethiopia, Somalia, Euritrea, E. Africa. -Very similar species across region(flat). -HUGE LAKES- Amazing fish population -FLAMINGOS! -Ethiopian Wolf. |
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| What's so special about Flamingos? |
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| Remarkable adaptation to African lakes, which are volcanic/soda lakes(FULL OF SODIUM BICARBONATE). -Lakes are very hot & toxic, flamingos fly over water and determine if it's safe to land. -They need fresh water nearby to wash out sodium bicarbonate from feather so it doesn't solidify. |
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| Ethiopian Wolf importance |
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| TOP PREDATOR(Flagship) in Ethiopian Alpines(Keystone species) -MOST ENDANGERED DOG IN WORLD(400) |
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| Charismatic Species |
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| Attractive to people, acquires money via donations/ecotourism, used as marketing tool. -Ex: Panda, Jaguar, Tiger, Lion, Gorilla. |
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| Flagship/Umbrella Species |
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| Top predator(flagship) or Keystone species -Key species to survival of entire ecosystem. |
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| Aardvark |
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| Not a charismatic species but very key to ecosystem. -Keystone species, very important in containing insect populations(termites) -Only predator is human |
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| How many species of apes live in the Congo? Why is this number shrinking? |
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| 27 species, many being killed in area of heavy political instability. Killed at refuge zones for bush meat. |
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| Whats the difference between mountain & lowland gorillas? |
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| Mtn Gorillas have thick fur, under coat, dark fur & lowlands have light thin coats.(Cold vs. Warm). -Mtn Gorillas brow ridges are less distinguished because of less chewing that lowland. -Low land gorillas are what you see at zoo, able to survive in captivity. |
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| What is special about the rain frog? |
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| -Can't jump & doesn't live in water(Burrows its home in the ground) -YOLK EGGS! No tadpoles. -Puffs up & oozes nasty taste to predators. |
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| Describe the African Bullfrog |
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| BIG FROG: 4-5lbs. INCREDIBLY INVASIVE! Sold as pets everywhere. -EATS EVERYTHING:Insects, rodents, birds |
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| Giant African Land Snail |
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| -2nd most invasive species in world!!! -Big as human hand -Hermafrodite(self-fertilization of 3000 eggs) |
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| Palearctic Realm:Where, what lives there? Endemics? |
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| -largest realm: Russia, Europe, Asia(Besides southern & India), west Africa-Sahara.(Divided by Himalayas & Sahara) -Has every biome besides tropics & polar ice caps. -Least endemic species; Lots of similar species(Can move east to west easily) |
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| Why was the fertile crescent important for animals/people? What realm is it found in? |
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| DOMESTICATION! Allowed for nomadic food source, no need to hunt. -Found in Palearctic realm. |
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| What are the requirements for domestication? |
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| Flexible diet, rapid growth, breed in captivity, non-aggressive, won't flee. -ONLY 12 Domesticated animals. |
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| Where did some of the domesticated animals come from? |
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| Pig- China, Cattle-doesn't occur in wild(PRODUCES HUNDREDS OF THINGS FROM BIPRODUCTS), Horses-Mongolia, Poultry-Egypt, Silk worms(none in wild) |
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| Disc-tongue frog: Where/what |
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| -Found in mediterranean region -TOUNGE DOESN'T EXTEND, captures insects w/ mouth & hands. -Relic species(relics of what used to be larger group) |
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| Where do most salamanders live/tortoises? |
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| 1/3 in Mediterranean region, LOTS of tortoises in Med. as well. |
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| Paleartic mammals? |
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| -Iberian lynx: W/ Jaguars as being most endangered feline(250 in wild). -Barbary/Gibraltar Ape: ONLY MONKEY IN EUROPE(tailless monkey, not an ape) -Monk Seal -Barbary dear: 100's left, very rare. |
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| Why are Pandas meant to go extinct? |
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| -Don't like sex or other Pandas(solitary) -Female Pandas can only conceive 3 days/yr(max of 6 per lifetime) -Can only repoduce every OTHER year -VERY FRAGILE INFANTS, 1 yr dependency -99% diet of Bamboo: every 60-120yrs all bamboo of species flowers and dies. -Pandas digestion is for carnivores; lots of energy to eat bamboo(Sit around a lot & eat to get sufficient intake) |
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| What animal has highest biodiversity? |
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| FISH! |
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| Oriental Where?What lives?Why? |
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| Where:Indian subcontinent, Malaysia, Indonesia, all the way down to Wallace line, separated by mtns, desert, or water. What lives: SHARES LOTS W/ OTHER REALMS! -LOTS OF ENDEMICS! CLOSE TO EQUATOR |
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| What animal has a bigger brain than humans? What realm is it from? |
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| Tree shrew from Oriental realm- Greater brain to body size, but not smarter. -Used for senses:Great hearing/smell/sight, used in thick tropics(VERY DARK) |
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| What animal is called the flying lemur? Why is this improper naming? Where is it found? |
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| -Name:Colugo -Realm:Oriental -Not lemur/can't fly. -Great gliders, bad climbers, useful in tropical dense forests. |
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| What is the name of the little primate w/ big eyes? Why is it unique? Where is it found? |
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| -Name: Tarsiers -Realm: Oriental(equatorial) -Unique: Entirely carnivorous(insects) -NOT ENDANGERED! Healthy & Happy. |
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| What monkey has a distinguishably loud caw or hooting? Were is it found? What is unique about it? |
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| -Name: Gibbons -Where: Oriental(equatorial) -Unique: hoots to chat w/ others & excellent swinger, wrists are ballinsocket joins reducing energy) |
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| What is extremely rare/unique about Indo Burma in Animal Biogeography? What realm is this? |
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| -Oriental Realm -One of the MOST IMPORTANT ECOLOGICAL HOTSPOTS! -Found 12 new LARGE mammal species in last 10 years! -LOTS OF ENDEMICS! -Political turmoil has preserved jungle(Lots of undetonated bombs in Vietnam) -Rapid animal changes in just 50yrs! Some animals: Saola(deer), Annamite striped rabbit(Blends in well), Grey-shanked Douc(New monkey species) |
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| One of the most important hotspots: Where & Why? |
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| What makes the Indian region so important to animals? What do monsoons do to the region? |
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| -Oriental realm -SO DIVERSE! Over 160 eco-zones of entire region! Shares w/ palearctic/neoarctic realms. -Monsoons: Increases biodiversity avaialable in region. |
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| Elephant: Where? Unique? |
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| -Where: Oriental/Ethiopian(originated) -Unique: Human usage; Docile, mode of transportation through THICK vegetation, clears forest paths, construction help. -NOT DOMESTICATABLE |
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| Leopard: Where? Unique? What's especially unique about the snow leopard? |
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| Where: Originated in Asia, came to Africa, Original species died out in Asia & African ones migrated back to Asia. -SNOW LEOPARD: More related to Tigers than leopards! - |
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| Water Buffalo: Where? Unique? Where are they used? |
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| Where: Originally Thailand, came to India(imported), not cows= not sacred. Unique:1 chamber of stomach for trash, fed magnets to collect all of the sharp metals. -NORTH AMERICA ONLY PLACE NOT FOUND/USED |
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| Mekong River: Where? Importance? |
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| -Where: Starts in China, comes down through Vietnam/Thailand/Laos/Cambodia. -Importance: HIGHEST UNIT(per square area) OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE WORLD!!! because it goes from N to S, many different climatic changes. -EVERY WEEK OF YEAR(2009):3 new species discovered! -MASSIVE ANIMALS |
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| Iberian lynx: Population? What realm? |
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| HIGHLY ENDANGERD!Palearctic realm. -With Jaguars as being most endangered feline: ONLY 250 in wild. |
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| Barbary/Gibraltor Ape: Where do they live? What's interesting about their name? |
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| ONLY MONKEY IN EUROPE(palearctic) -They are a tailless monkey not an ape. |
