Animal Anatomy and Physiology 1 Exam Questions – Flashcards
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The word that means "towards the head" is . . . .
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Cranial
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The word that means "designation for parts of the head that are closer to the tip of the nose" is . . .
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Rostral
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The word that means "divides an animal into right and left halves" is . . .
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Median plane
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The word that means "moving away from the mouth" is . . .
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Aborad
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The word that means "toward the side of the body, away from the midline" is . . . .
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Lateral
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Based on your understanding of term superficial, where would you expect the superficial digital flexor tendon in a horse's leg to be found, relative to the deep digital flexor?
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It would be closer to the skin than the dep flexor tendon
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Which type of tissuewould be found lining the tubes of the airways?
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Epithelial
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The first step in the inflammatory response is . . .
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vasoconstriction
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The membranes that line joint cavities are described as . . . .
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synovial
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The membranes that line the organs within the thoraz, abdominal, and ;elvic cavities are described as . . . .
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serous
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Stage of cell division in which the cell becomes pinched into two new daughter cells
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Telophase
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Cell division that occurs for growth, tissue repair
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Mitosis
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Contains instructions to make all cell proteins
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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Organelle important int he manufature of protein
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Ribosome
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Copies DNA messages into RNA molocules
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Transcription
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The binding of sodium and chloride is an example of a(n) ______ bond.
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Ionic
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Substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water are _____.
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acids
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The nitrogen bases found in RNA are __, __, __, and __.
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A, G, C, U
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The nitrogen bases found in DNA are __, __, __, and __.
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A, G, C, T
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When a concentration gradient is present, dissolved substances move from an area of ____ concentration to an area of _____ concentration. This process is called ______.
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Higher, Lower, Diffusion
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The part of a horse's hoof that makes up the largest part of the hoof's bottom surface is the ____.
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sole
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______ gives color to the skin and hair.
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Melanin
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List the three phases of hair growth.
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Anagen, Catagen, and Telogen
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Secretion without loss of cell contents
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Merocrine
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Soft horny covering at the proximal end of the hoof wall
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Periople
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Skin layer where fat is stored
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Hypodermis
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Whisker is an example of a . . . .
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Tactile hair
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Type of sweat gland
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Apocrine
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Skin layer with collagen
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Dermis
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Fiber-like protein that gives skin flexibility
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Elastin
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What are the levels of organization in an animal's body, from least comples to most complex?
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Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
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During surgery, the veterinarian needs to make a cut in the skin along the ventral surface of the abdomen, moving in the caudal direction. The veterinarian makes the cut toward the . . . .
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tail
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The study of how cells produce proteins would fall within the field of . . . .
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physiology
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A researcher has developed a drug that kills cells by preventiing transcription. The most direct affect of the drug is that it prevents the cells from . . . .
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making new proteins
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Which cells would you be most likely to find in the dermis?
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Fibroblasts
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Which plane of refrence would always divide a four-legged animal into two equal halves that are mirror images of each other?
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Median
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A scientist has discovered the means to block the chemical that directly provides cells with energy for cellular process. Which cells substance is most likely to be inhibited by this discovery?
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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An edoplasmic reticulum is rough or smooth depending on the presence of . . . .
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ribosomes
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Which cell organelles are present in greater numbers in cells with high energy demands?
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Mitochondria
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What is the function of the arrector pili muscles?
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Making the hair stand erect
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The scientific name of a species is written in italics and includes what other part?
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The genus to which the species belongs
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Based on your underdtanding of the terms poximal and distal, the distal sesamoid bone in the equine leg would be expected to have which relationship to the proximal sesamoid bone found on the same leg?
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The distal sesamoid bone is closer to the hoof than the proximal sesamoid bone
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What happens during prophase in mitosis?
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The chromatin coils and condenses into visable chromosomes
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What is true about a dog's planum nasale?
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Th stratum lucidum and stratum granulosum are missing
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Where is the peritoneum located?
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Abdomen
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Eccrine sweat flands are found in the ____ in dogs.
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footpads only
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Organic compounds contain _____, and inorganic compounds don't.
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hydrocarbon groups
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The horns of a goat are composed of ______.
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Keratin
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When the blood vessels in the skin dilate, the result is . . . .
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more heat loss and a drop in blood pressure
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The nonliving matrix of the connective tissue through which the blood cells freely flow is the . . . .
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plasma
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The walls of the digestive tract are composed of . . .
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smooth muscle
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The word that means "towards the nose" is . . .
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rostral
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Salivary, sweat, and mammary glands are composed of ______ tissue.
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epithelial
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Where are phospholipids primarily found in teh body?
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Cell membranes
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The structure composed of a sheet of simple squamous epithelial cells that 's folded onto itself to form a double layer is a . . . .
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serous membrane
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True or False? Once osteoclsts are surrounded by bone, they're call osteoblasts.
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False
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True or False? The ends of long bones are called epiphyses.
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True
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True or False? Condyles are found on the distal ends of the femure, humerus, and scapula.
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False
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Compact bone consists of tightly compacted cylinders of bone called . . . .
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haversian systems
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Blood vessels pass through countless tiny channels in bone called . . .
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Volkmann's canals
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Intramembranosus bone formation occurs only . . .
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in certain skull bones
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True or False? Yellow bone marrow can revert to red bone marrow.
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True
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Which common bone feature is a somewhat spherical articular surface on the proximal end of long bones?
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Head
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The processes on the humerus are called . . .
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tubercles
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The processes on the femur are called . . .
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trochanters
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Another name for Caudal Vertabrae is?
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Coccygeal vertebrae
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What is the vertebrae dorsal to abdomen?
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Lumbar vertebrae
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What is the first cervical vertebrae called?
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Atlas
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What is the vertebrae firmly attached to ilium?
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Sacral vertebrae
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What is the C2 vertebrae called?
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Axis
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What is the vertebrae associated with ribs called?
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Thoracic vertebrae
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The bone that forms the lower jaw is called the ________.
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mandibal
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Scrolls of bone in the canin nasal cavity are called _______, which help filter and moisten the air as is passes through the nose.
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conchae or turbinates
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The bone that supports the base of the tongue and aids in swallowing is called the ______.
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hyoid bone
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The most cranial nine pairs of ribs in the dog directly connect to the ___________.
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costal cartilage
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The pelvic symphysis is an example of which type of joint?
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Cartilagonous joint
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Which joint in cats and dogs is a deep ball-and-socket joint?
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Hip
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Which joint has menisci?
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Stifle
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Which structure within a synovial joint is continuous with the periosteum of the articulating bones?
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Fibrous capsule
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Oxygen and nutrients are primarily supplied to the hyaline cartilage on the articulating surfacs of a synovial joint by ________.
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synovial fluid
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MOvement at a joint that brings a limb away form the midline is called _______.
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abduction
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Movement at a joint that brings the long bones on either side of the joint closer together is called _______.
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flexion
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Digits that don't bear weight are called ______.
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dewclaws
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Three bones fuse to makeup each half of the pelvis. The most cranial bone in the pelvis is the _____; the most caudal bone is the _____; the third bone, which lies ventrally, is the ______.
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ilium, iliac, pubis
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The three bones of the pelvis fuse together in a a region called the _______, which articulates with the head of the femur.
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acetabulum
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Which muscle flexes the elbow?
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Biceps brachii
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Which muscle extends the elbow?
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Triceps
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What transmits contractile signals to the myofibrils?
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T-tubule
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What is thick-filament protein called?
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Myosin
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What is thin-filament protein called?
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Actin
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Name the three main types of muscles.
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Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac
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State whether each type of muscle is under voluntary or involuntary control.
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Skeletal - Voluntary Smooth - Involuntary Cardic - Involuntary
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The neurotransmitter responsible for the initiation of muscle contraction is _______.
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acetylcholine
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The area from one Z line to the next Z line is called a ______.
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sarcomere
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When muscle groups must rely on anaerobic respiration, _____ accumulates in the muscle and can lead to muscle fatigue and soreness.
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lactic acid
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True or False? Stretching of the smooth muscle in the walls of the uterus causes more forceful contrations.
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False
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True or False? All smooth muscle can contract without external stimuli.
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False
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True or False? Smooth-muscle cells don't contain T-tubules.
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True
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Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle is referred to as _______.
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peristalsis
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The two types of smooth muscle are _____ and _____.
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visceral, multiunit
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All domestic mammals have _____ cervical vertebrae.
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seven
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Which bone forms the rostral wall of the cranial cavity?
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Ethmoid
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The transverse processes of the first cervical vertebra are also known as the . . . .
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wings
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The second and fourth metacarpal bones int eh horse are commonly called the . . . .
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splints
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The teeth in the lower jaw are directly anchored into which structure?
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The body of the mandible
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The opening in the cranial cavity through which the spinal cord travels to connect with the brain is called the . . . . .
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foramen magnum
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Which vertevrae are normally fused together to form a solid mass of bone?
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Sacral vertebrae
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A species with great ability to rotate the foreleg would be expected to show which anatomical characteristic in the bones of the foreleg?
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a complete ulna unfused to the radius
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Which pair of structures forms the hop joint?
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Acetabulum and femoral head
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An injury to the olecranon would most likely cause pain and disuse of which joint?
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Elbow
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The shoulder joint is made up of which articular surfaces?
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Glenoid cavity of scapula and head of humerus
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In the dog and cat, sesamoid bones are associated with which joint?
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joint between metacarpal bone and first phalanx
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Which bones make up the elbow joint?
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Humerus, radius, and ulna
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The groups of muscles collectively called the hamstring musscles include the . . . .
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biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semiteninosus
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Which muscle flexes the shoulder joint?
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Infraspinatus
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A drug that decreases peristalsis would be one that . . .
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decreases contraction in smooth muscle
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What happens when the triceps muscle contract?
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The shoulder flexes and the elbow extends
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Muscle soreness and fatigue in a racehorse after a long and strenuous race is a result of . . .
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anaerobic metabolism, which leads to lactic acid buildup in the muscle.
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Which muscle (or muscle group) flexes the tarsus and extends the digits?
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Gastroccnemius
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If a drug caused a sudden release of large amounts of calcium in skeletal muscle, from which structure would the calcium come?
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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The patella is embedded in the tendon of which muscle?
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Quadriceps femoris
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The neurotransmiter that initiates the events that lead to contraction of skeletal muscle is . . .
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acetylcholine
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Which muscle separates the thorax and abdomen and aids in breathing?
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Diaphragm
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One unique anatomical feature of cardiac muscle, which isn't seen in skeletal or smooth muscle, is . .
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intercalated disks
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Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves travel through compact bone via the . . . .
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Volkmann's canals
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Identify the chambers of the heart.
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Left Atrium, Left Ventricle, Right Atrium, Right Ventricle
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Contraction of the left atrium pushes blood through the _____ valve and into the left ventricle.
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Mitral
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Contraction of the right atrium pushes blood throught the _______ valve and into the right ventricle.
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Tricuspid
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The layer of elastic epithelial tissue that lines the myocardium on the inside of the heart is called _____.
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endocardium
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Cardiac muscle cells are called _______.
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myocytes
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The contraction phase of the heartbeat that occurs as the current travels around the heart is called ______.
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systole
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An abnormal blood vessel creating abnormal blood flow around the liver is called a ________.
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Portosystemic shunt
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The major arteries supplying blood to the head and neck are the ______ arteries.
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Carotid
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Normal electrical impulses in the heart originate at the __________.
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sinoatrial(SA) node
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The three types of blood vessels are _____, _____, and _______.
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Arteries, Veins, Capillaries
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In mammals, the most common type of agranulocyte in the body is the _______.
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Lymphocytes
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Leukocytes are also know as _____.
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White blood cells
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Cells involved in the production of antibodies are _______.
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plasma cells
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Name the five types of white blood cells.
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Neutophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes
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What isn't a function of the spleen in adult mammals?
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"Education" of T lymphocytes
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The largest lyphoid organ in the body is the . . .
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GALT
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An important lymphatic organ in young animals that atrophies later in life is the . . . .
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thymus
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Lymph fluid reenters the blood via a vessel called the ______.
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thoracic
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The part of the spleen that contains blood sinuses is reffered to as the _____ pulp.
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Red
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What are the smallest dead-end sacs in the lung; used for exchange of gases?
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Alveoli
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What is the cavity dorsal to the soft palate?
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Nasopharynx
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What is the fluid lining of the aveolus?
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Surfactant
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What is the opening of the larynx?
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Glottis
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What is composed of thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages?
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Larynx
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What is scroll-like sheets of tissue dividing each nasal cavity into several divisions?
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Turbinates
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The diamond-shaped cartilaginous flap that covers the opening of the larynx when you swallow food or liquid is called the ________.
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epiglottis
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The _______ is located between the lungs and thorax.
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diaphragm
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What is the total amount of air passing through the respiratory system?
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Tidal Volume
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What is the process of moving air in and out of the alveoli during one complete breath?
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Ventilation
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What is the sensor that detects changes in the oxygen level of arterial blood?
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Chemoreceptor
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What is the drug that opens the airways to permit easier respirations?
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Bronchodilator
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What is the process of carrying blood to the tissue?
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Perfusion
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The respiratory is located in the brain's pons and ________.
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mendulla oblongata
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The areas of the brain that senses increased blood temperature is the _________.
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hypothalamus
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The outer layer of blood vessels is composed of connective tissue called the . . . .
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tunica adventitia
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In which direction does lymphtic fluid move?
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Away from tissue
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The correct path of blood flow through the heart and lungs is . . . .
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Right atrium, right ventricle,pulmonary artery,pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
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Functions of the spleen include . . . .
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removal of dying blood cells
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What is responsible for conducting electrical impulses within cardiac muscle?
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Purkinje fibers
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Which vessel carries blood to the head?
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Carotid Artery
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Which type of vessel has the thickest walls and normally withstands the greatest pressure?
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Arteries
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The liquid portion of the blood in which the cells are suspened is correctly referred to as . . . .
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plasma
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Normal cardiac rhythm is determined by the . . .
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Sinoatrial node
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The amount of air remaining in the aveolus after expiration is referred to as . . . .
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residual volume
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In mammals, the process of inspiration involves . . . .
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negative pressure generated in the chest, causing the lungs to expand to fill the vacuum
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In mammals, the left lung is divided into how many parts?
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two
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The blood level of _______ is most significant in regulating the respiratory center of mammals.
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carbon dioxide
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The process of carrying blood to the tissues is correctly described as . . . .
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perfusion
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A protective reflex stimulated by foreign material in the trachea or bronchi is the . . . .
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cough
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The structure that separtes the left and right nasal passages is the . . . .
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nasal septum
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The vocal cords are composed of . . . .
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fibrous connective-tissue bands
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The gap in the dorsal part of the trachea is bridged by . . . .
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smooth muscle
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The fluid that lines the alveoli contains a substance that reduces surface tension known as . . . .
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surfactant
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The opening into the larynx is called the . . . .
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glottis
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An opening between the right and left atria that's present in fetal mammals is the . . . .
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foramen ovale
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Blood returning to the heart from the lungs travels through the _____ into the _____.
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pulmonary veins, left atrium
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Contraction of the right atrium contracts forces blood through the _____ valve.
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tricuspid
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Exchange of gases and waste materials occurs by diffusion across the walls of the . . . .
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capillaries
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Monocytes that have migrated out of the blood stream and into tissue spaces are called . . . .
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macrophages
