ANFS 100 Test 2 – Flashcards
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Most animals, regardless of species are non-judgmental. (T/F)
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true
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The goal and success of an animal-assisted therapy program is dependent on the circumstances of the patient that is being treated. (T/F)
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true
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In the USA, the total number of pets in households with children is _________ the total number of pets in households without children
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greater than
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At what age is it recommended to give a puppy/dog to an autistic child so that it can serve as a companion animal?
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At 8 weeks of age, once the puppy has been weaned from the mother
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In the presence of an animal, a child's empathy is reported to _____________
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increase
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Some elderly individuals view pets as their children or grand-children. (T/F)
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true
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An equine (horse)-assisted therapy program that provides motor and sensory input to individuals with autism, cerebral palsy, developmental syndromes, or other disabilities.
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hippotherapy
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The origin of animal-assisted therapy for children is attributed to a dog named Jingles and its owner, Boris Levinson who helped an uncommunicative child. (T/F)
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true
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Which animal swims with critically- and terminally-ill individuals, as well as veterans and improves their mental and physical traits?
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dolphin
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What variables affect a child's development?
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parenting style, pets, marital status of parents, housing conditions
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This person was the originator of the term, "Pet Therapy" for children and it referred to the therapeutic treatment of a patient with a dog.
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Boris Levinson
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Animal-assisted therapy involves a trained animal, its handler, a service provider, and a goaldirected service, for example, improvement in the reading skills of children. (T/F)
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true
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What characteristics are improved in children in the presence of animals?
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compassion, self-esteem, trust, sense of responsibility
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Which animals have a calming and therapeutic effect on children?
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cat, rabbit, horse, dog
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There are several benefits associated with the reading-aloud program for children. What are they?
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improved reading skills, improved confidence, improved hygiene, improved empathy
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A placement center for autistic children and they use therapeutic dogs to calm the children
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North Star Foundation
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Surveys, questionaires, and interviews are important and they can be used to collect a variety of information related to animal-assisted therapy programs. (T/F)
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true
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The response of elderly individuals to animals was greater when the animals were permanently placed in the nursing home facility compared to temporary visiting of the animal for a few hours. (T/F)
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FALSE
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The number of prescription medications that are used by elderly pet owners is _______ compared to elderly non-pet owners.
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fewer
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What are the "happy hormones" that give individuals a sense of wellness in the presence of an animal?
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Dopamine, serotonin, endorphin, oxytocin
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What is the "unhappy hormone"?
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cortisol (stress hormone)
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When walking their dog, elderly individuals would stop and talk to passers-by and the conversations were mainly focused the dog. (T/F)
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true
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When walking their dog, elderly individuals would stop and talk to passers-by and they would mainly discuss past activities (what they did the day before). (T/F)
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false
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Early experience of individuals with cats predisposes them to a love for cats later in life. (T/F)
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true
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What is improved in elderly individuals in the presence of animals?
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motivation, social interactions, health and longevity, psychological well-being and mental function
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Elderly pet owners describe themselves more positively compared to elderly non-pet owners. (T/F)
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true
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Parker, the dog that received a juror identification badge for a criminal trial was trained at what facility?
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Washington Corrections Center for Women
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Prisoners that participate in animal-based programs show increased alertness and decreased responsibility toward the animal. (T/F)
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False
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What happened to the feral cats at the Correctional Facility in Alabama?
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The prisoners interacted with and fed the cats, the cats were creating problems (getting stuck in the fence, over-populated), so they were caught and removed from the prison, The cats were sent to animal shelters or they were adopted out to good homes
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The probability (or chance) that an elderly pet owner grew up with a pet as a child is quite high. (T/F)
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true
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describe Robert Franklin Stroud
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The Birdman of Alcatraz; murderer with a lifetime sentence; author of two books "Diseases of Canaries" and "Diseases of Birds"
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__________________ was the origin for "animal therapy in prisons" where a social worker noticed improvement in the attitudes of clinically-depressed inmates when caring for an injured bird.
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Lima State Hospital
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The place where community volunteers actively involved themselves with the prison-based therapy dog training program and helped socialize the service dogs to public activities.
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Washington Corrections Center for Women
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What are prisoners screened for to be able to interact and train the animals?
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nature of offense, personal characteristics, and behavior; must be sentenced more than 18 months (no big animals for rapists)
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Pathological grieving may become intensified if other problems arise with the owner at the time of a pet's death. (T/F)
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true
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What factors will affect a person's response to pet loss and his/her ability to grieve?
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Society and their expectations on pet loss; Family structure, including the presence of children; Length of time that person owned the pet; Strength of the bond between the person and the pet
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Some degree of grievance is necessary and normal after the death of a pet. (T/F)
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true
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Death is dealt with more frankly and directly by veterinarians compared to human doctors. (T/F)
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True
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Society can have a significant impact on how people display their feelings of grief after the loss of a pet. (T/F)
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true
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An owner who has recently lost a pet may show a variety of emotions or feelings. emotions that would be observed during grieving is:
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relief, anger, guilt, disarray/confusion Sadness, anxiety, a sense of loss, of being lost, and of hopelessness
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Pet loss support hotlines were developed in recognition of the strong human-pet attachment bond and the pathological grieving of the pet owner after its death. (T/F)
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true
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Euthanizing an animal is the sole responsibility of a veterinarian and the owner must abide by the veterinarian's decision. (T/F)
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False
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The term that refers to an unnatural death; specifically, "death with peace"
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Euthanasia
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Why is the attachment bond between humans and pets much stronger than the to human-animal attachment fifty years ago?
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humans and pets are living longer so the bond is stronger
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The family structure in today's society is changed and the dependency of families on pets is weaker than observed previously (compared to 50 years ago). (T/F)
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False
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What are the explanations on why the elderly experience greater psychological and emotional problems
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Many of their friends have passed on; family not around; health issues; retired and no longer working; limited income - so can't socialize as much
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List the positive effects of pet ownership on the elderly.
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Improved social interactions; gives them self-identity and a purpose; reduced stress; increased motivation; improved mental well-being; decreased level of depression
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What are the negative effects of pet ownership on the elderly?
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Cost of looking after the pet; the weak or unhealthy individuals may get hurt by animal (trip over the animal, bites); pet loss and grievance; do not want to leave pet at home by itself
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List the benefits of prison-based animal programs to the Public?
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trained companion or service animals to the public; Reduced cost of training animals and teaching inmates new careers; trained labor in the animal field; Reduced number of repeat offenders
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What is the Reading-Aloud program and how does it benefit children?
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Reading Education Assistance Dogs; program that promotes children reading aloud to dogs; the children become more confident in their reading skills; they overcome their fear and anxiety; build self-esteem, etc.
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Where was the Reading-Aloud program originally developed?
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Intermountain Therapy Animal Organization.
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Fifty or sixty years ago, the typical family unit consisted of two parents and their children. In contrast, the structure of today's family unit is much more complicated. Briefly explain.
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Today's family is smaller and it has several different structures from single parent families, childless couples, elderly couples whose children have moved away, unmarried individuals, and others. In contrast, the family unit that exited fifty or sixty years ago was typically, grandparents, parents and their children, and relatives. Families were large and less dependent on the family pet.
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Which family unit (the typical one of 60 years ago versus today's family) will have the greatest difficulty in coping with the death of a pet? Briefly explain why.
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Today's family will have greater difficulty in coping with the death of a pet compared to the family from 50-60 years ago. Today's family unit is smaller and not as cohesive. There are long distance family relationships - so the family pet has taken a more significant role or serves as a replacement for family members. Therefore, the grievance associated with the loss of a pet will be much greater with today's family.
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What are the features of Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT)?
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Service provider (trained for problem w patient), animal&handler, service is goal-directed (improve social skills, communication etc), record keeping/documentation of progress
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Who owned Jingles? What did he do?
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Boris Levinson - started pet therapy (AAT). Jingles had the uncommunicative boy trust him and Levinson and got the boy talking again
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What kind of studies are most common in AAT?
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case studies OR use questionnaires, surveys, interviews
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Studies show that attachment to pet related to. . .
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positive emotional functions & improved cognitive skills
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What childhood characteristics effect their development?
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genetics, intelligence, temperament (shy, outgoing etc)
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What personal psychological resources of parents effect child development?
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personality of parents, marital status, parenting style, sources of stress (housing conditions, social network, work status etc)
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What cognitive development is improved with animals?
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pet listens to child's babble, stimulates verbal communication
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What social-emotional development is improved with animals?
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builds self-esteem, empathy, pet provides emotional support (non-judgemental)
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What Characteristics Do Children Develop In Presence Of Animals?
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Love Companionship Compassion Self-esteem Sense of responsibility Improved social skills Trust
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Animal-Assisted Counseling is used for what type of children?
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children with emotional scars; withdrawn; stressed; aggressive - helps them adapt to environment
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What was the first literacy programs where children read to dogs
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Reading Education Assistance Dogs (R.E.A.D.) by Intermountain Therapy Animals Organization
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How do reading aloud programs help?
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children overcome fear of reading aloud and read aloud to trained dogs - dogs are non-judgmental
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Benefits of the reading aloud program?
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#1 benefit: Increased reading comprehension and skills; greater confidence/self-esteem; reduced anxiety, improved hygiene, strong empathetic relationship w/ animal; positive effect on cardiovascular system
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What dog helped child with behavior problems (autism)?
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Henry
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What is the North Star Foundation?
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Placement center for children w/ autism; Emphasizes development of an early strong bond between canine & child
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How does programs with autism help children?
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helps behaviors - Less humming, less jumping, less twirling objects
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Who is the animal behaviorist with autism?
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Dr. Temple Grandin
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What horse helped a girl with amputated legs to 'walk'?
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Frosty - in hippotherapy program
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What does therapeutic riding and equine-facilitated psychotherapy help?
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anxiety, depression, autism
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What problems is most equine assisted therapy used for?
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autism, cerebral palsy, developmental delay, genetic syndromes
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What does hippotherapy improve?
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Improves neurological, muscular, and sensory functions of children; Develop relationships, training, caring for the horse, horsemanship, work ethics, responsibility, communication, better health
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What association deals with hippotherapy?
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North American Riding for the Handicapped Association (NARHA)
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What is the swim with the dolphin program called?
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Island Dolphin Care
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who is dolphin assisted therapy used for?
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Children w developmental disorders, critical and terminal illness, and rare disorders & veterans
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What does dolphin assisted therapy improve?
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Improvements in mental and physical traits, speech, language, and memory of children
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What is concerning about dolphin assisted therapy?
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Scientific debate on effectiveness of program (Ethical concerns)
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What characteristics are improved with AAT?
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o Attention o Hyperactivity o Impulsivity o Poor frustration tolerance o Failure to finish tasks o Organization skills o Emotionally fragile o Anxiety and difficulty with transitions
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What is group based therapy?
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• method of treatment for child sexual abuse survivors - peer feedback and support assists survivors to work through their abuse experiences with others like them • Safe environment, share experiences, receive guidance and support, develop trust
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Is AAT a stand alone therapy?
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NO - only used to enhance existing treatment
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Is AAT used in pediatric hospitals and long-term care facilities?
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YES - Treatment for psychiatric disorders, sexual abuse, PTSD, hyperactivity, pain management, insecure attachment
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explain the study used in group therapy - no dogs, dogs, or dogs with stories
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symptoms: Anxiety, depression, anger, PTSD, dissociation, sexual concerns AAT has positive impact on group therapy sessions w child sexual abuse survivors; Significant decreases in traumatic symptoms of sexual abuse; Greatest change was in the third group (dogs with stories) - Best treatment
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Do some people feel closer to their pets than to their family?
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YES
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In a study, did men and women 65+: on self-rating, pet owners described themselves more positively or negatively compared to non-owners
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more positively - nurturing, independent, optimistic, healthier
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the history that an individual had with pets will influence . . .
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o their pattern of ownership o the benefits they derive from ownership o their perception of the pet's role (companion vs only for protection/food) o the degree to which the pet influences their well-being
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Where are the strongest bonds with animals found? (types of families)
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people who live alone and people from small, cohesive families
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What level of attachment was associated with depression for elderly women?
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Was not associated with the level of depression in elderly women; however it was associated in veterans with an average age of 63
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More time spent with pet = (stronger/weaker) attachment
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stronger attachment
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How do animals effect the elderly?
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• Social interactions • Self-identity/life satisfaction • Stress reduction • Motivation • Mental function/psychological well-being (Dementia, alzheimer's) • Level of depression
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What functions did animals serve to the older, bed-ridden patients?
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social and tactile contacts
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What functions did animals serve to Alzheimer's patients?
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showed improved social interactions amongst themselves and with staff, also had increased calmness
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Presence of dogs reduced aggression and agitation among people (T/F)
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true
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In the study of dog walking, Passersbyers talk to owners about dog in presence and absence of dog (T/F)
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true
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Do dogs give the elderly life satisfaction?
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yes - gives a role to the elderly (food provider; provider of love and affection)
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How does AAT help elderly with depression?
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Agitation/aggression and depression increased over 10-year period in control (no dog) People receiving AAT - aggression and depression remained the same
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What is the main disadvantage of owning a pet?
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responsibility of pet owner - main reason of not owning a pet
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What do animals mean/provide to the elderly? (based on a survey)
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• Love • Affection • Laughter • Unconditional acceptance • Play • Protection
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All effects of AAT on the elderly?
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health, social (decreased loneliness) dementia/alzheimers, increase in body mass/calorie intake
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Caring for ____________ associated with a small to medium positive effect on depression and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly people
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insects (crickets)
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Where was Robert Stroud imprisoned?
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Leavenworth penitentiary - cared for injured birds (relocated to Alcatraz)
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What bird rescue used Stroud's methods?
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Wild Bird Rescue in California - proved his methods worked (lost 12% of birds vs 33%)
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What is PAP
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Prison Based Animal Programs
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Do PAP programs include a clinical/psychological component?
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No
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Who established an educational/training program at a maximum security prison for women?
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Sister Pauline (Katty Quinn)
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How many dogs become service animals in the Prison Pet Partnership?
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1/15-20
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Where is the Prison Pet Partnership located?
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Washington Corrections Center for Women
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What is the Training Horses Program?
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cooperative partnership between Bureau of Land Management and the Nevada Dept. of Corrections o tames wild horses for adoption o saddle horse training o 60 horses/year are trained and adopted
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How do animals help veterans/veteran prisoners?
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• Train service, hearing, and social therapy dogs for military veterans and family members • Prisoners received instruction on animal husbandry and welfare • Eases their transition to civilian life
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What is Puppies Behind Bars?
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prisoners train puppies with the help of veterans
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How do dogs help inmates? (many have psychological disorders)
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The mental health professions observed decreased social isolation and anxiety; increased pro-social behavior among inmates (women sit around dog and talk) - Dog serve as model for discussion including boundaries, personal safety, developing trust, trustworthiness, personal responsibility, expressing emotions in a healthy fashion, and learning new behaviors
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Benefits to prisoners with dogs
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Sense of responsibility - caring for animals; vocational experience and job after leaving Increased alertness, attention, compassion, openness, and desire for social contact Improved communication and reinforced activities of daily living Optimistic; self-awareness and self-worth; motivated to attend animal training sessions Reduced anxiety, loneliness, and boredom (Psychological rehab)
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what is the negative aspect of having dogs in prisons?
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staff resistance; loss of power; resistant to change (Staff felt less empowered)
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Factors that influence extent of grief when losing a pet
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• Intensity or strength of relationship • Adult vs child • Age of animals • Role of animal • Circumstances surrounding death • Social/family structure • Society
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How should pet death be evaluated?
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pet death should be evaluated in the context of pet loss (not human loss)
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Is anything available to predict the response of owner to pet loss and ones at risk for grievance?
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no
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What is the most difficult part of veterinary practice?
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Euthanasia
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Is a release form necessary in Euthanasia?
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no - makes owner feel more guilty
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Should the vet invite the owner back into the room after the animal has been put down?
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yes - animal is peaceful and makes owner feel less guilty
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What should you encourage the pet owner to do after euthanasia?
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stay and talk about the animal and their own feelings
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What are signs of normal grieving after pet death?
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Sadness, anger, guilt, anxiety, a sense of loss, of being lost, and of hopelessness Decreased interest in surroundings; crying, fatigue, loss of appetite, change in sleep habits After some time - animal is given up (death is real) and only then can healing take place
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What are signs of pathological grieving?
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Emotional investment in the pet is intense Denial of the death Afraid to admit the intense, non-human attachment bond May become exaggerated if owner recently suffered a human loss or has memories of a loved one/friend The ill and the elderly - euthanasia is taken personally (see the animal as themselves) Grieving can result in severe psychological, emotional, and physiological stress - Mourning may require psychiatric treatment
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What is the theory for owner response to companion pet death?
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People's reactions to pet loss are the result of a social and psychological search for meaning (they are trying to understand their feelings and reactions to the death of their pet)
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Factors effecting owner response to companion pet death?
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Society norms and expectations - what pressures does society put on grievance? External pressure to move on; don't let pet loss disrupt your life Cultural requirements of pet death - what is the procedure? No funerals, rituals, etc. Owners invited to stay for euthanasia, sedating animal; return animal/ashes to owner; sympathy card sent by veterinary clinic Cultural expectations of veterinarian - issue of euthanasia, limited verbal support; conveys the message that owner should be able to cope Personal beliefs, life stage, critical life events, and animal attributes - how to behave; how long to grieve; involvement of children; previous experiences; breed of pet
