Anderson University (SC) Nursing 591 Final Study – Flashcards
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What causes 95% of all delayed puberty?
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Physiologic hormonal delays
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What is the first sign of puberty in boys?
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Enlargement of the testes
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Which type of precocious puberty causes a child to develop some secondary sex characteristics of the opposite sex.
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Mixed precocious puberty
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What term is used for the condition in which the foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans
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Phimosis
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Lateral curvature of the penis during erection caused by a fibrotic condition
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Peyronie disease
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Inflamation of the glans penis
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Balanitis
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Testicular maldescent
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Cryptorchidism
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What is the most common cause of orchitis (usually affects postpubertal boys)
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Mumps
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The risk of what cancer is greater if a man had a history of cryptorchidism?
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Testicular Cancer (35-50% more likely)
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What are the clinical manifestations of testicular cancer?
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Firm, non-tender, testicular mass
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How does the epididymis become infected?
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The pathogen ascends the vasa deferentia from an already infected urethra or bladder
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Symptoms of BPH are a result of which pathophysiologic condition?
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Compression of the urethra
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Which infection has clinical manifestations that include the sudden onset of malaise, low back pain, and perineal pain with high fever, dysuria, chills and urinary retention?
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Bacterial prostatitis
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Priapism has been associated with the abuse of which substance?
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Cocaine
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Which age group should be targeted for testicular cancer education and screening?
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15-35 year olds
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What is the reason breast cancer in men has such a poor prognosis?
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Treatment is usually delayed related to late detection.
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What are clinical manifestations of male breast cancer?
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Ulceration present on the breast, retraction of breast tissue, nipple discharge, and a unilateral solid mass
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What are clinical manifestations of male urethritis?
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May have purulent drainage, may have clear mucus-like discharge, urethral tingling/itching/burning with urination,
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Name 4 risk factors for prostate cancer
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Familial history, dietary habits, African-American heritage, being over 65
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Abnormal dilation of the vein within the spermatic cord
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Varicocele ("bag of worms")
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A collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis
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Hydrocele
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Rotation of a testis which twists blood vessels of the spermatic cord
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Testicular torsion
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Painless diverticulum of the epididymis located between the head of the epididymis and the testis
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Spermatocele
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The initial reproductive structures of the male and female embryos appear the same until what week of gestation?
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The eighth
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The absence of which major hormone is a determinant of sexual differentiation?
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Testosterone
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Which gland produces the associated hormones that are found in high levels in a female fetus?
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Anterior pituitary--follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
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Which hormone is linked to an increase inn appetite during puberty?
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Leptin
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The Skene glands are located on either side of which structure?
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The urinary meatus
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What is the function of the mucus secreted by the Bartholin glands?
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Enhancement of the motility of sperm
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What happens to the vagina's lining at puberty?
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It becomes thicker
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What change is a result of puberty and defends the vagina from infection?
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Vaginal pH becomes more acidic (approx pH of 7 before puberty and 4-5 after puberty)
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What type of cell lines the Endocervical canal?
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Columnar epithelial cells
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Where is the usual site of fertilization of the ovum?
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Ampulla of the fallopian tubes
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Where is the usual site of cervical dysplasia or cancer in situ?
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Where the columnar epithelium of the cervix meets the squamous epithelium of the vagina.
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Having ejected a mature ovum, the ovarian follicle develops into a(n) _______________
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Corpus luteum
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Mucosal secretions of the cervix secrete which immunoglobulin?
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IgA
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What is equivalent to the female gonad (ovaries) in a male?
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Testes
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A surge of which hormone causes the corpus luteum to produce progesterone?
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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What directly causes ovulation during the menstrual cycle?
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Sudden increase of LH
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What anatomic structure secretes FSH and LH?
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The anterior pituitary gland
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What does basal body temperature do at the time of ovulation?
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BBT fluctuates around 37 C (98 F)
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What structure in males lies posterior to the urinary bladder?
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Seminal vesicles
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When do penile erections begin?
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Before birth
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What is the major difference between male and female sex hormone production?
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In men, sex hormone production is relatively constant
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Where in the male body does spermatogenesis occur?
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In the Seminiferous Tubules
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Which immunoglobulin is contained in breast milk?
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IgA
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Which hormone promotes the development of lobular ducts in the breasts?
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Estrogen
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What causes the vasomotor flushes (hot flashes) that are associated with the declining ovarian function with age?
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Rapid changes in estrogen levels (withdrawal or increase)
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When does the male body begin to produce sperm?
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At puberty
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The human zygote has a totol of how many chromosomes?
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46
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Which hormone promotes the production of testosterone in males and females?
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Prolactin (secreted by the pituitary)
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Which hormone stimulates gonads to produce both male and female hormones?
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LH
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Which hormone relaxes the myometrium and prevents lactation until the fetus is born?
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Progesterone
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Name five actions of progesterone during pregnancy.
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1.Maintenance of the thickened endometrium, 2.Relaxation of smooth muscles in the myometrium (prevents contractions and helps expansion), 3.Thickening of the myometrium (prepares for labor), 4.Prevention of lactation, 5.Prevention of maturation of additional ova.
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A Sims-Huhner test is of particular interest to a patient experiencing which condition?
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Infertity
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Name four biological effects estrogen has on the female body.
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1. Causes maturation of reproductive organs. 2.Causes differentiation of female physical characteristics 3. Regulates the menstrual cycle 4. Regenerates the endometrium after menstruation
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At what age should girls be vaccinated against HPV?
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Between 11 and 12 years old
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What is the commonly accepted average cycle length?
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28 days (27-30 days)
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What are 4 normal aging characteristics of the male reproductive system?
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1. Slower, less forceful ejaculations 2.Testicular atrophy and softening 3. Longer time to achieve full erection 4. Decreased levels of Testosterone
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What is the first sign of puberty in girls?
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Breast enlargement
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What is dysmenorrhea?
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Painful menstruation.
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The release of which chemical mediator causes primary dysmenorrhea?
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Prostoglandins
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Where is oxytocin secreted from?
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The posterior pituitary
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What medication is a simulation of ADH and what is it's effects?
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Vasopressin--vasoconstriction
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Where is the target tissue of prolactin-releasing factor?
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The anterior pituitary
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Where is ADH synthesized and where does it act?
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In the Hypothalmus and in the renal tubular cells.
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Name two hormones that are synthesized in the hypothalmic neurons and then stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary.
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ADH and Oxytocin
