Ancient World History Exam Study Guide – Flashcards
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Cultural Diffusion
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inventions or ideas that are exchanged from one society to another which helps push civilization forward
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Cuneiform
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early form of Mesopotamian writing done with a stylus on clay tablets
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Cataract
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term used for rapids located in upper Nile that marked the boundary of the old kingdom
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Khufu
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pharaoh that built and was buried in the largest pyramid of the Great Pyramids at Giza
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Osiris
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Egyptian pharaoh of the dead, afterlife, and underworld
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Ziggurat
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Mesopotamian pyramid/temple known as, "the mountain of god"
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Neolithic Revolution
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period of time when human beings began to domesticate animals and farm
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Akkadians
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group of people lead by King Sargon who established the first empire of Mesopotamia
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Maat
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symbols of justice in the Egyptian mythology, usually symbolized by a feather
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Homo erectus
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up right humans
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Bipedal
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walked up right on two legs
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Polytheism
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having a god for every aspect of the universe
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Pharaoh
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means great house or great palace, most commonly a name for a king.
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Valley of Kings
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where New Kingdom Pharaohs were buried
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Pylons
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big walls
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Louis and Mary Leakey
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discovered a new form of hominids called homo habilis in 1959
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Sumerians
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believed that kings or kingship derived their power from the gods. they were agents of the gods imported copper, tin and timber in exchange for things they grew and caught like fish, barley, wool, & wheat.
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Sumerian Four Social Groups
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elites: priest and royal people dependent commoners: elites clients, worked in palace/temple free commoners: farmers, merchants, fishers, scribes, craftspeople, 90% were farmers. slaves: were used in building projects, females weaved cloth and ground grain.
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Sargon
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leader of the Sumerians, over ran the sumerian states in 2340 B.C.E. he establishes an empire that ended in 2100 B.C.E.
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Hammurabi
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empire builder in Mesopotamia that established Hammurabi's Code. He had 282 laws, "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth," was the main principle to system of justice
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Gilgamesh
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a king that wrote an epic explaining all his exploits , it was called the, " Epic of Gilgamesh." It has three themes that answered three important questions - civilization, death + afterlife, eternal life
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Hyksos
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ruled over Egypt for 100 years
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Queen Hatshepsut
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one of the first women to become a pharaoh. She built the great temple Deir el Bahri near Thebes.
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Amenhotep
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a pharaoh who introduced worship of Aten (god of the sun disk), he changed his name to Akhenaten (servant of Aten).
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Tutankhamen
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youngest pharaoh ever, restored religion after Amenhotep died. His tomb was the only tomb ever found untouched. Discovered by Howard Carter and Lord Canarvon.
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Ramses
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greatest pharaoh in the New Kingdom. He is the pharaoh that started the name "pharaoh," built many temples
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Mohenjo-Daro
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harappan city located on the Indus River, also known as, "the city of the dead"
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Maharaja
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chieftain of early Aryan tribes, also referred to as, "great prince"
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Pariah
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group in Hindu society thought of as "outcast" or "untouchables"
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Moksha
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hindu term for enlightenment
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Sangha
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one of the three jewels of Buddhism referring to the community of Buddhist
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Ascetic
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someone who disregards all comforts of life and lives outside of society in order to reach enlightenment
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Atman
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term used to describe the "soul" in Hinduism
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Stupa
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early form of Buddhist temple containing a sacred relic or ashes of a guru
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Sanskrit
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ancient Indian written language of the Vedas
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Reincarnation
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to die and be reborn in another body
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Karma
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good or bad deeds that determine how one is reborn
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Mahabrata
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book that consist of 90,000 words written in 100 B.C.E., describes a war between cousins for control over the kingdom
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Chakra
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the wheel of life (the wheel of Buddhism and Hinduism)
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Mudras
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symbolic hand positions of Hindu and Buddhist rituals
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Nirvana
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enlightenment in Buddhism
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Brahma
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(Hinduism) creator god
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Shiva
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(Hinduism) the destroyer, regulates cycle of reincarnation
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Vishnu
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(Hinduism) the protector, avatar-appears in physical forms to save the world
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Siddartha Gautama
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the founder of Buddhism, reached enlightenment and proceeded to educate others on how to reach enlightenment
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Terra Cotta
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material used to make the warriors that were buried near Shi Huangdi's tomb
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Dao De Jing
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chinese philosophy translated as " The Way of Virtue"
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Longshan
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chinese neolithic society that settled along the Yellow River
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Bone Writing
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sketch symbols used to tell the future that wold eventually become the Chinese alphabet
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5 Relationships
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the basic relationship principles of Confucianism
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Dynastic Circle
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process of establishing a new dynasty from a rebellion in ancient China
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Zhou
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aggressive Chinese dynasty whose decline led to the warring states period
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Filial Piety
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respect owed to one's parents and ancestors
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Well Field System
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policy where a peasant works on the field of their lord as well as their own field .
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Mandate of Heaven
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a mandate that stated that heaven maintained order in the universe through the king who ruled as a representative of heaven
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Veneration of Ancestors
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belief that grandparents soul never goes away, it stays in the family and you can pray to them for help as well as good luck
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Patriarchal
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oldest male is leader of family
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Oracles
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wise people who could read signs found in nature
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Lao Tzu
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Chinese philosopher and founder of Daoism.
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Confucius
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Chinese philosopher and founder of Confucianism
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Shi Huangdi
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China's first emperor creates legalist style of government, destroyed all criticism of the government. executed philosophers and burned books under his rule, government was an autocracy (king has unlimited power) built 4000 miles of road, created a standard of coin and writing made high taxes and slave labor he was hated by the people built the Great Wall of China
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Polis
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a city state; city that rules over the surrounding area
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Acropolis
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highest point in the city-state where the most important government and religious buildings are located
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Hoplite
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term for Greek warrior, name of warriors of shield
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Phalanx
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military formation of the Greek warriors made up of a line of soldiers with overlapping shields, usually 4 to 8 men deep
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Aristocracy
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the city-state is ruled over by an elite group of families
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Oligarchy
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the most powerful business and military citizens rule the city-state
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Sparta
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greatest military city-state in all of Greece
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Trireme
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Greek ship that had a ram on the front; ram was used to crash into other ships
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Democracy
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first establishes in Athens; all male citizens can vote and debate on laws
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Parthenon
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largest building in the Acropolis, housed statue of Athena
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Megalith
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greek word for "large stone"
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Monotheism
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belief in one god
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Pastoral Nomads
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people depended on hunting, gathering, herding, and farming for survival. Sometimes overran societies and created their own empires
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Bronze Age
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time when metals especially bronze were used to make weapons
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Debt Slavery
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the most hated of the old Athenian laws, poor farmers who owed money to wealthy landowners could be temporarily enslaved until that debt was paid.
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Economic Revolution
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Athens experiences an economic boom because of their olive trade. Artisans and craftsman become more skilled, farmers become wealthier and demand more political power
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Garuzia
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council of older Spartans who were to old too fight. Advise the king and the efforts on decisions regarding Sparta
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Azura Mazda
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(Zoroastrianism) god of goodness and light
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Ahriman
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(Zoroastrianism) god of darkness and evil
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Draco
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(621 B.C.E.) "The Law Giver," created 1st legal code: gave the poor property rights and protected contracts but did not repeal debt slavery
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Solon
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(594 B.C.E.) outlawed debt slavery, gave all citizens (males born in Athens) the right to participate in government. Any citizen could bring charges against another regardless of classed. Passed economic reforms but not land reforms
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Pisistratus
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1st tyrant of Athens, seized power with the support of the population
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Lycurgus
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was the king of Sparta and decided to remake his society into a military state to control the Messinian population
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Pericles
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ruled Athens for 32 years (461-429 B.C.E.). He had three goals for Athens: strengthen Athenian democracy hold and strengthen the Athenian Empire glorify Athens
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Homer
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blind story teller, wrote the lliad (Trojan War)
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King Agamemnon
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most powerful king of Greek states
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King Menelaus
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brother of Agamemnon, king of Sparta, husband of Helen
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Helen
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most beautiful girl in the world
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Paris
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youngest son of the king of Troy
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Hector
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oldest son of king of Troy
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Priam
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King of Troy
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Achilles
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greatest Greek warrior, half god/half human
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Odysseus
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wisest of the Greeks
