Ancient & Medieval History Chapter 7 Vocab – Flashcards
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a Roman emperor who divided the empire into four administrative units; each had its own prefect with the title of with either "Augustus" or "Caesar"; allowed to claim a higher status and hold the ultimate authority; also issued the price edict
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Diocletian
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a Roman emperor who continued Diocletian's stuff and expanded his autocratic polices; also built Constantinople
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Constantine
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issued by Diocletian and established maximum wages and prices for the entire empire, but despite severe penalties, it was unenforceable and failed to work
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Price Edict
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constructed by Constantine; located on the shores of the Bosporus, Greek city _____; became capital city in the east and was built for defensive purposes; called "New Rome"
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Byzantium - Constantinople
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issued by Constantine and officially tolerated the existence of Christianity
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Edict of Milan
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under _____ _____ _____ Christianity was made the official religion of the Roman empire
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Theodosius the Great
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the area of jurisdiction of the bishop who headed each Christian city
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Bishopric - Diocese
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belief or opinion contrary to Christian doctrine
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Heresy
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a priest from Alexandria who found Arianism
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Arius
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a religion that believed that Jesus had been human and thus not truly God
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Arianism
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held in 325 and condemned Arianism and stated that Jesus was of "the same substance" as God; but it didn't end the controversy
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Council of Nicaea
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a fierce tribe of (German) nomads from the steppes of Asia and displaced the Visigoths
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Huns
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a German tribe who was displaced by the Huns and moved into Roman territory but was then ill-treated by the Romans and revolted at the Battle of Adrianople; then under their king Alaric, moved into Italy, sacked Rome and then settled in Spain
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Visigoths
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battle between the Visigoths and the Romans; Romans lost on their own territory
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Battle of Adrianople
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King of the Visigoths; led them to Italy were they sacked Rome and then settled in Spain
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Alaric
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a German tribe who remained hostile to Rome; settled in Africa; sacked Rome (second time this has happened)
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Vandals
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a German leader who finally ended the charade of Roman imperial rule and deposed the Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus in 476 and began to rule on his own
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Odoacer
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king of the Ostrogoths who marched into Italy and killed Odoacer and established control of Italy in 493
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Theodoric
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a German tribe that invaded and conquered much of Italy; were harsh rulers who cared little for Roman structures and traditions
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Lombards
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German king of the Franks who converted to christianity and joined the Roman Catholic Church; came from the _____ dynasty
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Clovis - Merovingian Dynasty
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German tribe who was on the European continent; founded by Clovis; 6th and 7th centuries, divided into three major areas and witnessed a process of fusion between Gallo-Roman and their cultures and peoples
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Franks
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a fine that was paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person he had injured or killed; literally meant "man money" - was the value of a person in monetary terms
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Wergeld
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was given the keys of heaven by Jesus; considered the chief apostle and the first bishop of Rome; founded the Christian church at Rome
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Peter
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a pope who took charge of Rome and its surrounding area and made it into an administrative unit that eventually became the Papal States; pursued a policy of extending the papal authority over the Christian church in the west; intervened in ecclesiastical conflicts throughout Italy and corresponded with Frankish rulers, urging them to reform the church (successful); missionaries to convert England to Christianity; monastic movement
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Gregory the Great
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"someone who live alone" - a person who sought to live a life divorced from the world, cut off from ordinary human society, in order to pursue an ideal of godliness or total dedication to the will of God; initially based on the model of the solitary hermit who forsakes all civilized society to pursue spirituality
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Monk & Monasticism
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prosperous Egyptian peasant who decided to follow Jesus's injunction in the Gospel of Mark and gave away his 300 acres of land to the poor and went to the reset to pursue his ideal of holiness; a Stylite who lived for three decades in a basket atop a pillar more than 60 feet high
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Saint Antony and Saint Simon
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founded a monastic house for which he wrote a set of rules, and established the fundamental form of monastic life in the western Christian church
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Saint Benedict
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father of the monastery who help complete authority over the monks; each monk owed unquestioning obedience to the will of this person
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Abbot
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women monks who withdrawer also from the world to dedicate themselves to God
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Nuns
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the head that the monks and nuns followed under (woman abbot)
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Abbess
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one of the Latin Fathers of the Catholic Church; became a bishop in North Africa, Hippo; wrote _____ _____ _____ _____, which theorized on the ideal relations between two kinds of societies existing throughout time - the City of God and the City of the World
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Augustine - The City of God
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an important intellectual of the early church who pursued literary studies in Rome and became a master of Latin prose; used his extensive knowledge of Greek and Hebrew to translate the Old and New Testaments into Latin - _____ _____
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Jerome - Vulgate Bible
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classified knowledge according to certain subjects: trivium - grammar, rhetoric, dialectic or logic; quadrivium - arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music
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Liberal Arts
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born in North Africa, spoke a Latin with an accent, used legions to seize power; established the Severan Rulers (dynasty)
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Septimius Severus
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a dynasty that Septimius Severus established; military monarchy - army was expanded, soldiers' pay was in creased, and military officers were appointed to important government positions (leads to civil wars for power)
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Severan Rulers
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a group of people who made inroads into Roman territory, captured Valerian, who died in captivity
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Sassanid Persians
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Roman emperor who was captured by the Sassanid Persians, died in captivity, and then displayed in chief towns of Persia
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Valerian
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Roman emperor who restored most of the Roman boundaries; abandoned Danubian, reconquered Gaul; reestablished order in the east and along the Danube; hailed as the "restorer of the world"; defeated Zenobia and her forces in Syria
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Aurelian
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wife of the ruler of Syria who seized power after her husbands' death and extended her control over Egypt and much of Asia Minor
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Zenobia
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a mystery cult of the Roman world in which Mithra was the chief agent of Ahuramazda, the supreme god of light in Persian Zoroastrianism; Mithra became identified with the sun god and was known by his Roman title, the Unconquered sun; spread rapidly in Rome and specially favored by soldiers because they viewed Mithra as their patron deity; worshiped sun on Sundays and December 25th - Saturnalia!
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Mithraism
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Jewish faction that believed in rigid adherence to Hebrew law, rejected the possibility of personal immortality, and favored cooperation with the Romans
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Sadducees
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Jewish faction that adhered strictly to Jewish ritual, and although they wanted Judaea to be free from Roman control, they did not advocate violent means to achieve this goal
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Pharisees
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Jewish faction that lived in a religious community near the Dead Sea; as revealed in the Dead Sea Scrolls, they awaited a Messiah who would save Israel from oppression, usher in a kingdom of God, and establish a true paradise on Earth
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Essenes
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a collection of documents first discovered in 1947 that revealed the Jewish faction of the Essenes
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Dead Sea Scrolls
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Jewish faction that were militant extremists who advocated the violent overthrow of Roman rule; revolt was crushed by the Romans in four years -> Temple destroyed, Roman power stood supreme
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Zealots
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an important religious figure that grew up in Galilee; public preaching - Sermon on the Mount; did not plan to undermine traditional religion but wanted to fulfill the prophets/law; transformation of inner person, humanity, charity, brotherly love; some thought of this person as the Messiah
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Jesus of Nazareth
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city where Jesus grew up and an important center of the militant Zealots
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Galilee
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Jesus's famous speech about the ethical concepts - humanity, brotherly love, and charity; would form a basis for the value system of medieval Western civilization
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Sermon on the Mount
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a Roman authority who ordered the crucifixion of Jesus
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Pontius Pilate
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a form of death when someone is nailed to a cross
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Crucifixion
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the "anointed one" who would return (resurrection) and usher in the kingdom of God on Earth
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Messiah
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second founder of Christianity; reached out to non-Jews, Gentiles, and preached to these people and converted many/gained many followers
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Paul of Tarsus
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non-Jews
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Gentiles
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letters outlining Christian beliefs for different Christian communities (some written by Paul of Tarsus)
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Epistles
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the "good news" concerning Jesus as recorded by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John (also known as the books of the bible)
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Gospels
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the authoritative record of Jesus's life and teachings formed the core of the _____ _____
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New Testament
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salaried officers of the Christian church hierarchal structure who are separate from he laity or regular church members
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Bishops and Clergy
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a purification by water (John the _____)
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Baptism
