Ancient History Words – Flashcards
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Monarchy
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Rule by a king or queen
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Dynasty
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A line of rulers who belong to the same family
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Theocracy
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Government headed by a religious leaders or a leader regarded as a god
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Bureaucracy
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a group of government officials headed by an administrator
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Pharaoh
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title rulers of ancient Egypt
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Empire
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group of territories or nations ruled by a single leader or government
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Polytheism
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worship of many gods
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Hieroglyphics
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ancient Egyptian writing system using picture symbols for ideas or sounds
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Narmer
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King of Upper Egypt; Unified upper and lower Egypt; Built a capital city of Memphis
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Hyksos
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From western Asia; took over Egypt with their advanced weapons
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Hatshepsut
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Ruled on behalf of Thutmose III; built the great funeral temple and a tomb into the hills, which is now called the Valley of Kings
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Thutmose III
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Conquered Syria and built an Egyptian empire
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Akhenaton
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Believed Egypt should praise one god; Aton, the sun- disk god
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Ramses II
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Built many statues and temples; one that held 50 of 52 sons
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Tigris and Euphrates
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the source of water for Messopotamia
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city-state
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an independent state consisting of a city and the surrounding land and villages
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cuneiform
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Sumerian system of writing using wedge-shaped markings
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Sumerians
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Developed the cuneiform writing technique, wagon wheel, number system, and 12 month calendar; Polytheistic
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Sargon I
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The first empire builder in Mesopotamia; united all the city-states in Mesopotamia
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Akkadians
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Established kingdom Akkad
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Hammurabi
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King of Babylon, who made a very harsh code of laws
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Subcontinent
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landmass that is part of a continent but distinct from it, such as India
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Harappans
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located in present day Pakistan; example of urban planning; know for craftsmanship
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Huang He
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the "yellow river"
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Chang Jiang
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a major river in china
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Yangtze
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a major river in china
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Yu the Great
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founded the Xia dynasty; know for his engineering
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Xia Dynasty
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No evidence of existence; Founded by Yu The Great
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Shang Dynasty
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first chinese dynasty; known for metal casting
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Mandate of Heaven
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authority granted by heaven to deserving rulers
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Confederation
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a loose alliance or union of several states or groups
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Alphabet
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system of symbols or characters that represent the sounds of a language
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Colony
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a settlement of people outside their homeland, linked with trade and government with homeland
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Barter
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a system of trade in which goods, not money, are exchanged
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Aramaneans
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settled in central Syria; the middle man between Egypt and Mesopotamia
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Phoenicians
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sea traders; developed alphabet
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Lydians
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Barterd goods and developed coinage system
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Monotheism
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belief in one God
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Prophet
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a person who preaches or interprets what are thought to be message from God
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Covenant
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a solemn pledge or agreement
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Exodus
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the departure of a large group or people
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Diaspora
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the scattering of Jews outside their homeland after Babylonian captivity
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Israelites
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believed in one God who determined right and wrong
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Abraham
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made a convenant went God to build a great nation
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Moses
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led Jews on a exodus out of Egypt
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Deborah
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planned an attack on Canaanite army
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David
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set up capital of Jerusalem
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Solomon
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David's son; founded cities and built a magnificent kingdoms
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Satrap
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a governor of a Persian province
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Hittites
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conquered local people of Asia Minor; developed 3 man chariot, conquered Babylon
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Assyrians
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Powerful army; very harsh to the people they conquer
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Chaldeans
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Made maps of positions of planets and stars
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Nebuchadnezzar
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best ruler of Chaldeans; created hanging garden
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Persians
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powerhouse; tolerant of people they conquered
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Cyrus II
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conquered the medes; added nothern Mesopotamia, Syria, Canaan, and the Phoenician cities to his empire
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Darius I
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divided empires into provinces; establish satraps
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Zoroaster
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preached good vs. evil;
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Labyrinth
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a complex, confusing series of connected passages
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bard
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singing story tellers
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Sir Arthur Evans
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discovered the remains of Minoan civilization
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Minoans
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sea traders; protected Crete from invaders
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Mycenaeans
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conquered the Minoans; built royal fortresses with city walls
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Homer
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created the Iliad and the Odyssey
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Heinrich Schliemann
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german archaeologist, claimed that Troy was actual city
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Polis
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city-state of Ancient Greece
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Citizen
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a person who took part in the government of a city state in Ancient Greece
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Aristocrat
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member of the nobility or upper class
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Phalanx
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rows of foot soldiers making a wall
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Tyrant
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a person who seized power and established one-man rule in Ancient Greece
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Oligarchy
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form of government in which a small group holds political power
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Democracy
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form of government in which the citizens hold power
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Constitution
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plan of government
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Rhetoric
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art of pubic speaking
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Draco
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issued WRITTEN code of laws
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Solon
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cancelled all land debts and freed debtors from slavery; promoted trade
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Peisistratus
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divided large estates with landless farmer
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Cleisthenes
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established democracy for Athens
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Symposium
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a gathering men with drinking, entertainment, and intellectual speaking in ancient Athens
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Mercenary
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a soldier who serves a foreign country for pay
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Ionia
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Fought against the power of Persia
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Marathon
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battle between Persia and Athens; Athens waited for Persia to load their ships
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Xerxes
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Darius' son; invaded Greece
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Themistocles
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led Greek's naval fleet
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Thermopylae
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battle between spartans and persians to make time for athens to get their naval fleet strong
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Leonidas
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Spartan king who fought with 300 spartans against thousand of Persians
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Salamis
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Battle between Persia and Athens naval fleets; turing point in the war
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Pericles
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led Athens through Golden age; rebuilt city and built Parthenon
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Apasia
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fought for more education and freedom for Athenian women
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Hoplite
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greek soldier
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Classical
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a style of art that featured balance, elegance, and simplicity
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Sanctuary
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building used for worship
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Perspective
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an artistic technique for showing relationships and space between objects
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Amphora
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a large vase for storing oil
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Tragedy
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story or play in which the central character struggles against destiny but meets and unhappy ending
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Comedy
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story or play intended to entertain and amuse, usually with a happy ending
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Myron
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sculpted Discus Thrower
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Phidias
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in charge of Parthenon sculptures
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Praxiteles
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made life-sized sculptures rather than massive ones
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Aeschylus
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wrote the tragedy trilogy Oresteia
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Sophocles
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wrote the tragedy Oedipus Rex
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Euripides
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wrote many tragedies one is the Trojan Women
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Aristophanes
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wrote comedies
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philosopher
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a thinker or lover of wisdom
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Logic
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the science of reasoning and establishing proof for arguments
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Hygiene
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the science of good health
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Sophists
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traveled from polis to polis to answer people's questions
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Socrates
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challenged students to think; sentenced to death for corrupting the young
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Plato
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Socrates' pupil; wrote The Republic(his ideal government)
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Aristotle
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wrote books about science and government; the U.S government is based on his belief of an ideal government
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Thales
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the first prominent Greek scientist
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Pythagoras
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explored the nature of numbers; try to explain everything in math terms
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Hippocrates
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the father of medicine; insisted on proper hygiene, sound diet, and plenty of rest
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Domain
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territory
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Philip II
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Determined to create a strong standing army, unify quarreling Greek city-states, and destroy Persian Empire
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Demosthenes
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fought for liberty of Athens
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Alexander the Great
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became ruler at age 20; tutored by aristotle; defeated the Persians; created a huge empire
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Zeno
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founded Stoicism
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Menander
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wrote comedies on everyday life
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Eratosthenes
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estimated the earth's circumference to within 1 percent of the correct figure
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Euclid
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wrote The Elements of Geometry, organized all info about geometry.
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Archimedes
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invented compound pulley
