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Minoans

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earliest civilization in Aegean region on the island of Crete; civilization collapsed because of earthquake/invasion

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Mycenaeans

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First City State; prided themselves in their heroic deeds in battle

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Heinrich

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varifyed Homer's story about the Battle of Troy (some might be fiction)

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Schliemann

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German archaeologist who discovered Troy

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Homer

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ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)

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Lycurgus

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legendary ruler of Sparta; tradition credits him with the constitution that changed Sparta into a military state.

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Solon

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Early Greek leader who brought democratic reforms such as his formation of the Council of Four Hundred

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Cleisthenes

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An aristocrat, created a council of 500 and helped from Athenian democracy

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Darius

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King of Persia

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Xerxes

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son of Darius, who took the throne, invaded Greece, and was eventually defeated

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Pericles

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Important leader and warrior in Athens during the Golden Age who strengthened democracy, made it possible for poor people to be in the government of Athens, and said there should be equal justice for all people.

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Polyclitus

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sculptor who carved statues of athletes generals and statesmen

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Socrates

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philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method

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Plato

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one of Socrates' students; was considered by many to be the GREATEST philosopher of western civilization. Plato explained his ideas about government in a work entitled The Republic. In his ideal state, the people were divided into three different groups.

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Aristotle

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Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world

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Hippocrates

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medical practitioner who is regarded as the father of medicine

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Pythagoras

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Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem

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Herodotus

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wrote about persian war, father of history, word history comes from name, 1st to gather facts and write them down

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Thucydides

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ancient Greek historian remembered for his history of the Peloponnesian War (460-395 BC)

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Sophocles

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writer of plays; used three actors; and made Oedipus Rex, and Antigone

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Aeschylus

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writer of tragedies; wrote Oresteia; proposed the idea of having two actors and using props and costumes

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Euripides

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writer, used regular people instead of Gods, and tried to answer real life questions in playwrite

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Philip II

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king of ancient Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great (382-336 BC)

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Alexander the Great

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son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world

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Euclid

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wrote The Elements, a textbook that became the basis for modern geometry

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Achimedes

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The most famous Hellenistic scientist who applied principles of physics to make practical inventions. Example: Lever and Pulley

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Aristarchus

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correctly believed that the earth and other planets moved around the sun, but he failed to convince others

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Epicurus

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Developed the school of though called Epicureanism in Hellenistic Athens; it held that happiness is the chief goal in life, and the means to achieve happiness was the pursuit of pleasure.

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Zeno

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a Greek philosopher who founded a school of philosophy called Stoicism; they believed in a divine power that ruled the universe; thought that people should live a virtuous life in harmony with natural law; promoted social unity and encouraged its followers to focus on things that they could control

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Trojan War

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Mycenaeans (Greeks) vs. Troy. Trojan Prince kidnapped Helen, wife of the Mycenaen's king. Greeks won when they tricked the Trojans with the Trojan Horse. The Iliad gives information about the Trojan War.

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Persian Wars

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A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious.

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Golden Age of Athens

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a period of growth in ancient Athens in intellectual & and artistic learning, including drama, sculpture, poetry, philosophy, architecture, & science

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Peloponnesian War

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a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta

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Hellenism

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the principles and ideals associated with classical Greek civilization

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frescoes

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paintings made on wet plaster walls

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polis

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Greek city-state

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acropolis

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A fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city

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agora

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a central area in Greek cities used both as a marketplace and as a meeting place

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Iliad

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a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the siege of Troy

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Odyssey

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a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the journey of Odysseus after the fall of Troy

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Olympics

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Greek athletic competitions to celebrate the Gods and feed city-state rivalries

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city-states

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a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit

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aristocracies

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Greek city-states controlled by nobles.

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hoplite

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a heavily armed Greek foot soldier

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tyrants

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A leader in ancient Greece who seized power by force rather than by inheriting it.

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oligarchies

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governments that are ruled by only a few people

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ephors

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a group of 5 officials that helped govern Sparta with the Concil of Elders

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archons

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9 men who were elected yearly in Athens to uphold the laws

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kouros

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Greek word for "male youth." An Archaic Greek statue of a standing, nude youth.

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popular government

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idea that people can and should rule themselves

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democracy

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a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

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helots

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in ancient Sparta, this was the term for the slaves that were owned by the state

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direct democracy

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Government in which citizens vote on laws and select officials directly

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representative democracy

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A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people.

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Sparta

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Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts

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Athens

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Powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture.

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Parthenon

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A large temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. It was built in the 5th century BCE, during the Athenian golden age.

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Acropolis

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the citadel in ancient Greek towns

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The Discus Thrower

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crafted by Myron during the mid-400s B.C. it showed the greeks love for scultpure are , sports

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philosophy

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any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation

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Socratic method

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way of teaching developed by Socrates that used a question-and-answer format to force students to use their reason to see things for themselves

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drama

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the literary genre of works intended for the theater

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tragedy

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an event resulting in great loss and misfortune

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comedy

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light and humorous drama with a happy ending

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Oedipus Rex

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a tragic king of Thebes who unknowingly killed his father Laius and married his mother Jocasta

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Hellenism

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The civilization that spread from Greece through much of the ancient world. Much of its influence such as philosophy, athletics and architecture penetrated the Middle East.

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Sophists

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professional teachers in ancient greece

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rhetoric

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study of the technique and rules for using language effectively (especially in public speaking)

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polytheism

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belief in multiple Gods

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Epicureanism

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philosophy founded by Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; taught that happiness through the pursuit of pleasure was the goal of life

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Stoicism

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A Hellenistic and Roman philosophy which taught that destructive emotions resulted from errors in judgment and that a wise person would not rely on emotions.

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mystery religions

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cults that helped Greeks have hope of afterlife and spiritual mysteries answered

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What are the key traits that define a civilization?

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•specialized workers (teachers priest ect.) •record keeping (education, form of writing alphabet) •advanced technology (make something new) •advanced cities (marketplace, big population) •complex institution (government, law, religion)

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How does geography impact the development of a civilization?

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- Their culture could be influenced by other cultures - climate effects what you need show you trade - isolate culture / foster your culture - it isolated you were a closed society - if open you wanted to interact with others

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How did Greek geography influence the development of Greece?

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- the diff civilizations in Greece compete to be the best which causes tension - trade is very good because of the location by the sea - mountains separate towns so diff culture

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What forms of government were developed by the Greeks?

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1.monarchies 2.aristocracy 3. oligarchy 4. tyrants 5. democracy

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Which form of government best served the people? Why?

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democracy; because people were able to elect their ruler and participate in government. If a ruler was not good they could elect a new one.

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In what ways were Sparta and Athens similar and different?

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Sparta and Athens were the two most dominant city-states during that period of time. Sparta was focused more on there military and Athens was focused more on their cultural advancements. Spartan women had more rights then Athenian women.

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Which city-state would you have rather lived in and why?

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if I lived in Ancient Greece I would want to live in Athens because they valued education. Athens also only limited the men to be in the military for one year so I could live with my husband. My children would be able to stay and live with me instead of leaving at the age of seven. I also have some bad feeling about Athens to though because they viewed women as a mans property.Thank goodness we don't live in that time period!

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How does war shape the development of a civilization?

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It can separate a country even more if it is a civil war. It sort of stops the growth of a city because all of its income/money is spent on war. Also if many men die in war it makes less children being born and the population can go down.

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How did the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars impact Greece?

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- The Persian war reinforced the idea of the Greeks as a civilisation. It preserved their cultural heritage from Persian oppresion. - The Peloponnesian War weakened the Greeks by diverting money and men from their cultural pursuits to destruction. It destroyed the flower of Greek youth, and wasted untold "talents" of silver to warfare. - Ultimately, it weakened them sufficiently for the Macedonians (Alexander the Great's mob) to take over... and so spread the now hybridized "Greek" culture (most Greeks thought the Macedonians to be mostly barbarians) around the Mediterranean and especially to the Middle East, Egypt, and Asia as far as Indian and Afghanistan.

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What were the major accomplishments of Alexander?

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-new colonies -trade routes. -conquered over 70 cities like Alexandria. -considered the greatest soldier and general ever. -spreed Greek culture all throughout the Persian empire. -military upgrades. -planned to merge the Macedonian and the Persians into one ruling group in order to run his empire more efficiently.

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How did these accomplishments shape the development of the ancient world?

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- It spread the Greek culture to other parts of the world and took in the best of the other cultures to the Greek world. - Made it easier to trade with other countries

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