question

In order for a cell to divide, they must be in contact with a ______________________________. This is called ________________________.

answer

solid surface, Anchorage Dependence

question

In Anchorage Dependence, the solid surface can be the inside of a petri dish or it can be ____________________

answer

extracellular matrix of a tissue

question

Scientists have also found that _______________ growing on the surface of a dish multiply to form a single layer and usually stop dividing when they _______________________

answer

animal cells, touch one another

question

__________________ cells stop dividing. What is this called?

answer

crowded, density-dependent inhibition

question

What does inhibit mean?

answer

stop

question

What is shown?

answer

density-dependent inhibition

question

Your body has different ways in which it prevents cells from growing (dividing) _____________________

answer

uncontrollably

question

Experiments will show that normal cells will ________________ until they come into ______________________________

answer

reproduce, contact with other cells

question

When cells touch other cells, they respond by not ___________________

answer

dividing

question

Density-dependent inhibition shows that cell growth and division (the cell cycle) can be _________________________

answer

turned on and off

question

What is an example of density-dependent inhibition?

answer

a cut in your skin

question

When you cut yourself, skin cells all around the cut immediately begin _________________, and healing occurs as cells fill in the ___________

answer

dividing, gap

question

The cells stop dividing when they encounter ______________________

answer

other cells

question

What causes density-dependent inhibition?

answer

growth factors

question

It is an inadequate supply of proteins called ________________ that is responsible for _____________ cell division (rather than physical contact)

answer

growth factors, inhibiting

question

A growth factor is secreted by certain _________ cells and stimulates other cells to ___________

answer

body, divide

question

Most cells require growth factors in order to begin _______________, and they stop dividing when they ___________________

answer

dividing, run out of them

question

What are these?

answer

growth factors

question

Throughout the cell cycle, there are __________________

answer

checkpoints

question

A checkpoint in the cell cycle is a critical ___________________ where stop and go _______________ can ____________ the cycle

answer

control point, signals, regulate

question

________________ cells generally have built-in stop signals that half the cell cycle at ___________________ until there is a go ______________

answer

animal, checkpoints, signal

question

What do the stop signs show?

answer

checkpoints

question

There are three major checkpoints in the cell cycle: during ____________, _____________, and _______________ phase

answer

G1, G2, M

question

Depending on whether or not _________________ have been completed in that phase, the cell will either proceed to the ___________________

answer

key processes, next phase

question

What is the checkpoint at the bottom?

answer

G1 checkpoint

question

What is the checkpoint at the top left?

answer

G2 checkpoint

question

What is the checkpoint at the top right?

answer

M checkpoint

question

For many cells, the _________ checkpoint is the most important

answer

G1

question

At the G1 checkpoint, if a cell receives a go signal from a _________________, the cell will complete the rest of the cell cycle and ______________

answer

growth factor, divide

question

If a cell doesn't receive a go signal, it will ______________ the cell cycle, switching into a non-dividing state called ________

answer

exit, G0 phase

question

In your body, what cells are in the G0 phase?

answer

non-dividing nerve cells and muscle cells

question

Put these in order: growth factor, signal transduction, cell cycle control

answer

growth factor, signal transduction, cell cycle control

question

A cell that responds to a _______________ has a ______________ for it on its cell membrane

answer

growth factor, receptor protein

question

Binding of the growth factor to the ____________________ triggers a _________________________________ in the cell

answer

receptor protein, signal transduction pathway

question

In signal transduction, the signal is sent, goes down the pathway and reaches the __________________ and overrides the stop signal, allowing the cell to move onto the next phase and divide

answer

cell cycle control system

question

The cell cycle has checkpoints that ____________ the cycle and ______________ it if something goes wrong. What are these checkpoints called?

answer

monitor, stop, Quality Control Checkpoints

question

For example, a checkpoint during G1 monitors for _____________ and can stop the cycle before entering _______________

answer

DNA damage, S phase

question

At the G1 checkpoint, these are checked: Is the cell __________ enough and is the environment ______________

answer

big, favorable

question

At the G2 checkpoint, these are checked: Is all ________ replicated, is the environment _____________, and is the cell _________ enough

answer

DNA, favorable, big

question

At the M checkpoint, this is checked: Are all chromosomes aligned on the ______________

answer

spindle

question

Cells want to control growth because an uncontrolled _____________________ can be very dangerous

answer

abnormal cell

question

Abnormal cells can form from _____________ in the _______________ found in the cell ___________ as well as mutations in the __________ that regulate cell growth

answer

mutations, genetic material, DNA, proteins

question

What can DNA mutations be caused by?

answer

infections, radiation exposure, tobacco use and chemicals

question

a disease in which abnormal cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging parts of the body around them

answer

cancer

question

The cancer cells do not respond normally to the ______________________________

answer

cell cycle control system

question

These abnormal cells form masses called ________________. Cancer cells can break loose from these masses and travel in the ________________.

answer

tumors, bloodstream

question

The cancer cells use the bloodstream to ____________ throughout the body and create more _______________ in other places

answer

spread, tumors

question

If the mass of abnormal cells remain at the original site, the lump is called a ____________________

answer

benign tumor

question

Benign tumors can cause problems if they grow in and disrupt certain ____________, such as the brain, but can often be moved by __________________

answer

organs, surgery

question

______________________ can spread into neighboring tissues and other parts of the body, ________________ normal tissue and interrupting organ functions

answer

malignant tumors, displacing

question

If tumor cells enter the blood and spread via the _______________ beyond their original site, it is called ____________________

answer

bloodstream, metastasis

question

An individual with a _______________ is said to have cancer

answer

malignant tumor

question

Cancers are named according to the ____________ or _____________ in which they originate

answer

organ, tissue

question

Liver cancer starts in the ______________

answer

liver

question

Cancer is grouped into 4 categories: ____________________, ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________

answer

Carcinomas, Sarcomas, Leukemia, Lymphoma

question

cancers that originate in the external or internal coverings in the body, such as the skin, or the lining of the intestine

answer

Carcinomas

question

cancers that start in tissues that support the body, such as bone and muscle

answer

Sarcomas

question

cancers that start in blood-forming tissues, such as bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes

answer

Leukemia and Lymphoma

question

What type of cancer is in the lung, breast, colon, bladder, and prostate?

answer

Carcinomas

question

What type of cancer is in the bloodstream?

answer

Leukemia

question

What type of cancer is in lymph nodes?

answer

Lymphomas

question

What type of cancer is in fat, bone, and muscle?

answer

Sarcomas

question

Cancer cells do not heed the normal ____________ that regulate the cell cycle

answer

signals

question

Cancer cells do not exhibit _________________________; they continue to divide, piling up on each other

answer

density-dependent inhibition

question

Many cancer cells proceed past checkpoints even without ___________________________

answer

growth factors

question

Some cancer cells make their own ________________ that allow them to divide continuously

answer

growth factors

question

A tumor that is localized can be removed __________________

answer

surgically

question

Tumors can also be treated with ___________________, which damages __________ in cancer cells much more than it does in normal cells because cancer cells have lost the ability to _____________ such damage

answer

high-energy radiation, DNA, repair

question

In the high-energy radiation of cancer cells, there is sometimes enough damage to normal ________________ to produce bad side effects

answer

body cells

question

Some side effects of high-energy radiation are ______________, _____________________, and ________________

answer

fatigue, nausea, vomiting

question

Metastatic tumors are also called ______________ tumors

answer

widespread

question

To treat ______________, chemotherapy is used

answer

metastatic tumors

question

During _______________, drugs are administered that disrupt specific _________________________________

answer

chemotherapy, steps in the cell cycle

question

Two examples of chemotherapy are the drugs ________________ and __________________

answer

paclitaxel, vinblastin

question

The drug paclitaxel "freezes" the ___________________, which stop dividing cells from going past _________________

answer

spindle, Metaphase

question

The drug vinblastine prevents the _______________ from ___________________________

answer

spindle, growing at all

question

The side effects are due to the drug's effect on ____________________ that rapidly

answer

normal cells

question

Nausea results from chemotherapy's effects on ______________________

answer

intestinal cells

question

Hair loss is because of the drug's effect on ______________________

answer

hair follicle cells

question

susceptibility to ____________________ is from the drug's effect on immune cells

answer

infection

question

What is shown?

answer

apoptosis

question

Not every cell is destined to ________________

answer

survive

question

programmed cell death

answer

apoptosis

question

An example of ______________________ is when our hands and feet develop, the cells that are between our toes and fingers go through apoptosis so that they are not webbed

answer

apoptosis

Anchorage Dependence and Cancer – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards