Anatomy & Physiology Terminology – Flashcards
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is the science of body structures and the relationships among them.
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Anatomy
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is the science of body functions.
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Physiology
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the study of: the first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg.
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Embryology
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_________ Biology: the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.
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Developmental
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Cellular structures and functions. _________ Biology
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Cell
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the study of: microscopic structures of tissues.
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Histology
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structures that can be examined without a microscope. ___________ Anatomy
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Gross
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___________ Anatomy: specific regions of the body such as the head or chest.
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Regional
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surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy. ______ Anatomy
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Surface Anatomy
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the study of: functional properties of nerve cells.
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Neurophysiology
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the study: hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.
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Endocrinology
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_________ Level: atoms and molecules
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Chemical
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_______ Level: molecules combine to form cells.
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Cellular
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_________ Level: groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.
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Tissue
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________ Level : structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
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Organ
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______ Level consists of related organs with a common function.
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System
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__________ Level: any living individual.
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Organismal
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sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body
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metabolism
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the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components.
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catabolism
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the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simper components.
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anabolism
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the body's ability to detect and respond to changes.
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responsiveness
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motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and tiny structures inside cells.
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movement
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and increase in the size of existing cells, or an increase in the number of cells.
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growth
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the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
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differentiation
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the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual.
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reproduction
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the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes.
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homeostasis
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intracellular fluid
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ICF
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extracellular fluid
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ECF
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the ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues.
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interstitial fluid
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Receptor Control Center Effectors
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Feedback System
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a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.
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Receptor
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sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained.
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Control Center
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a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
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Effector
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reverses a change in a controlled condition.
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Negative Feedback System
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strengthens or reinforces a change in on of the body's controlled conditions.
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Positive Feedback System
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cephalic
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head
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cranial
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skull
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facial
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face
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cervical
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neck
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axillary
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armpit
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brachial
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arm
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antechubital
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front of elbow
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antebrachial
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forearm
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carpal
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wrist
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palmar
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palm
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phalangeal
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fingers or toes
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femoral
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thigh
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patellar
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anterior surface of knee
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crural
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leg
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tarsal
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ankle
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pedal
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foot
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hallux
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great toe
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dorsum
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top of foot
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pubic
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pubis
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pelvic
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pelvis
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manual
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hand
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pollex
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thumb
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inguinal
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groin
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coxal
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hip
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umbilical
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navel
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abdmoinal
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abdomen
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mammary
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breast
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thoracic
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chest
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sternal
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breastbone
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mental
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chin
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oral
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mouth
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nasal
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nose
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buccal
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cheek
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otic
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ear
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orbital or ocular
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eye
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temporal
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temple
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frontal
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forehead
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occipital
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base of skull
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acronmial
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shoulder
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scapular
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shoulder blade
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vertebral
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spinal column
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cubital
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back of elbow
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scaral
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between hips
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coccygeal
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tailbone
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gluteal
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buttock
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perineal
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region between anus and external genitals
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popliteal
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hollow behind the knee
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sural
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calf
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plantar
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sole
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calcaneal
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heel
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dorsum
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back of hand
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lumbar
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loin
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towards the head, or the upper part of a structure
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superior
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away from the head, or lower part of a structure
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inferior
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nearer to or at the front of the body
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anterior
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nearer to or at the back of the body
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posterior
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nearer to the midline
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medial
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farther from the midline
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lateral
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between two structures
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intermediate
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on the same side of the body as another structure
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ipsilateral
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on the opposite side of the body from another structure
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contralateral
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nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.
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proximal
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farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure
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distal
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toward or on the surface of the body
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superficial
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away from the surface of the body
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deep
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____ plane: a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.
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sagittal
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______ plane: passes though the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides.
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midsagittal
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________ plane: divides an organ into unequal right and left sides.
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parasagittal
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______ plane: divides an organ into superior and inferior portions.
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transverse
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_____ plane: passes though the body or an organ at an oblique angle (any angle other than a 90-degree angle)
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oblique
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formed by cranial bones and contains brain.
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cranial cavity
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formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
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vertebral canal
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______ cavity: chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum
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thoracic
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each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura
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pleural cavity
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fluid-filled space the surrounds the heart
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pericardial cavity
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central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
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mediastinum
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subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
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abdominopelvic cavity
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_______ cavity: contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine.
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abdominal cavity
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contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction
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pelvic cavity
