Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 5 and 6 Pearson – Flashcards
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What is a nervous system cell called?
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neurons
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What are the "helper" nervous system cells called?
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Neuroglia
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What are the three (3) types of muscle?
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Skeletal Muscle,Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle
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Which muscle types are voluntary and which are involuntary?
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V- skeletal I-Smooth and Cardiac
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Where would you normally find smooth muscle?
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Blood Vessels
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Where would you normally find cardiac muscle?
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Heart
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What is peristalsis?
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Waves of contraction seen in a tube like organ such as the heart vessels
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What are the specific connective tissues that make up the skeletal system?
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Bone, Cartilage, Fibrocartilage
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What are the functions of the skeletal system?
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To support, allow movement, protection, storage and blood cell formation
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What is the structure of a long bone?
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Longer than they are wide the shaft has enlarged ends mostly compact bones but also contain spongy bone, all the appendage bones except the patella, wrist, ankle are long bones
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epiphysis
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At the end of each long bone, is a thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area of spongy bone.
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Define diaphysis
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The shaft of the bone makes up most of the length of the bone is compact bone
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What/where is the periosteum?
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Fibrous tissue membrane covering and protecting the diaphysis (Shaft).
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What/where is the endosteum?
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Connective tissue lining the inside of the bone shaft
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What/where is the epiphyseal plate (line) and why is it important?
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Growth plates, allows limbs to continue to increase in length and width, located at the distal ends of bones
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What is the function of the yellow bone marrow?
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To store adipose tissue
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Where is the yellow bone marrow located?
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In the inside of the medullary cavity
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What is the function of the red bone marrow?
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Produce red blood cells
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Where is the red bone marrow located?
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Medullary cavity
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Define osteoblast:
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Bone building cells
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What hormone stimulates osteoblasts?
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Calcitonin
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Define osteoclast
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Bone destroying cells
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What hormone stimulates osteoclasts?
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Parathyroid Hormone
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What is a mature bone cell called?
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Osteocyte
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Define osteon
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Units of compact bone osteocytes arranged around
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Define Haversian system
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osteons
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What is a hematoma and why is it important in this chapter?
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A hematoma is blood filled swelling area and it is important first step of bone healing
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Why does cartilaginous tissue heal so slowly?
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No direct blood supply
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What type of cartilage makes up the intervertebral discs?
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Fibrocartilage
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The pinna of the ear?
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Elastic Cartilage
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What is a cartilage cell celled?
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Chondrocyte
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A muscle cell?
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Myocyte
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What are the major minerals found (stored) in bone?
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Calcium, Phosphorus
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Give three (3) uses for phosphate (PO4=) in the body that we have discussed in lecture:
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Calcium to blood, Phospholipid bilayer, ATP
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Give two (2) uses for calcium (Ca++) that we have discussed in lecture:
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Transmit body messages, muscle contraction
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What is endochondrial ossification?
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Bone formation outside the cartilage
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What is intramembranous ossification?
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Bone formations in between two flat membranes
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What is adduction vs. abduction?
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Adduction is toward the body abduction is away from the bow
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What is flexion vs. extension?
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Flexion is an act of decreasing the angle extension is increasing the angle
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What is the function of the hyoid bone? Is it part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?
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The hyoid bone is a point of attachment for muscles in the neck, it is part of the axial skeleton
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What is the function of the xyphoid process?
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Attachment point of major muscles and to protect the bottom of your heart
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What is the axis?
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Second cervical vertebrae
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What is the atlas?
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First cervical vertebrae
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What bones does each articulate with and what specific movement do these articulations allow?
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The atlas articulates with the occipital Condyles, allows you to nod yes The axis articulates at the odontoid process and, allows you to rotate your head
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What's a synovial joint? What are the five (5) characteristics of freely-movable joints?
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A synovial joint is a freely moving joint. made of articular cartilage separated by a synovial cavity Articular capsule is lined by synovial membrane produces synovial fluid Stabilized by ligaments and tendons
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What are sutures? (What type of joints?)
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A type of articulation which occurs between cranial bones, fibrous joint
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What type of joint is found between the vertebrae?
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Cartilaginous joints
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What type of cartilage is this?
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fibrocartilage
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What are the hormones (there are three of them) that directly control blood calcium levels?
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Calcitonin, Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitriol
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Which hormone(s) increase blood calcium?
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PTH and Calcitrial
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Which is produced from vitamin D on the skin? Where is this activated and what does it do?
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Calcitriol, activated in the kidney by PTH it is required for calcium absorption
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Where does PTH come from?
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PTH comes from the parathyroid gland
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Which hormone decreases blood calcium? Which gland secretes it?
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Calcitonin, Thyroid gland
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What is fracture reduction?
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Realignment of the broken bone ends followed by immobilization
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What are the functions of the muscular system?
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Contract and relax used for the movement of the body
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What's an antagonistic muscle?
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Muscle pairs where one contracts as the other relaxes such as the tricep and the bicep
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What are the three types of muscle?
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Smooth,Cardiac, Skeletal
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Which are striated?
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Skeletal, cardiac
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Which are voluntary?
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Skeletal
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Which are multi-nucleate?
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Skeletal
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Which have intercalated discs? What are intercalated discs?
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Cardiac muscle; intercalated disks are special gap junctions connecting cardiac muscle fibers
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Which is found in the walls of hollow organs?
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Smooth
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What is peristalsis?
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Involuntary constriction
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What's a sphincter?
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Voluntary contractible muscle surrounding an opening of the body orphis
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What happens to blood pressure when the smooth muscle of an arteriole contracts?
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Blood pressure goes up
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When an arteriole relaxes?
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Blood pressure goes down
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sarcomere
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The smallest contracting unit of muscle myofibrils
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What ion causes contraction of the sarcomere and where is it stored in the muscle?
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ATP, within the muscle cell
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Tendon
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Attaches Muscle to Bone
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Ligament
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Attaches Bone to Bone
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Sarcolemma
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plasma membrane of a muscle cell
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Sacroplasm
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Cytoplasm of a muscle cell
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell
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Anaerobic
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Do not require oxygen
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Aerobic
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Require oxygen
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Fast twitch
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appear white (power lifting) more explosive power
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Slow twitch
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appear red because of myoglobin, mostly aerobic respiration happens here (distance running)
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lactic acid
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A break-down product from using anaerobic process to provide energy
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myoglobin
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A protein similar to hemoglobin but works much more efficiently, found in the muscle stores oxygen
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What is the ion most important in muscle contraction and where is it stored in the muscle fiber?
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Calcium, Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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What is creatine phosphate?
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A unique high-energy phosphate found in muscle fibers Anaerobic
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How many ATP are produced per creatine phosphate molecule?
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1ATP
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What's inflammation of the membrane surrounding heart called?
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Pericarditis
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Inflammation of the heart muscle itself?
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Myocarditis
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Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart?
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Endocarditis
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What is acetylcholine and where is it found?
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A neurotransmitter that stimulates the skeletal muscle fibers, cell membrane
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What is glycogen?
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Polysaccharide found in animal tissues
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What two organs store the most glycogen? Why?
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Liver and the muscles used for ATP
