Anatomy & Physiology 1 – Chapter 1 – Flashcards
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Anatomy
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Study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
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Physiology
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Concerns the function of the body, in other words, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.
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Gross Anatomy
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The study of the structure of the body and its parts without the use of a microscope. Synonym: Macroscopic Anatomy.
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Macroscopic Anatomy
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The study of the structure of the body and its parts without the use of a microscope. Synonym: Gross Anatomy.
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Systemic Anatomy
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The study of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems
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Surface Anatomy
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The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
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Microscopic Anatomy
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The study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs
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Cytology
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The branch of biology that studies the structure and function of cells
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Histology
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The study of microscopic structure of animal or plant tissues.
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Developmental Anatomy
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The branch of anatomy that studies structural changes of an individual from fertilization to maturity.
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Embryology
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The branch of biology that studies the formation and early development of living organisms.
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Renal Physiology
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The study of the functions of the kidneys and urine production.
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Neurophysiology
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The branch of neuroscience that studies the physiology of the nervous system.
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Cardiovascular Physiology
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The study of functions of the heart and blood vessels.
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Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function
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What a structure can do depends on its specific form.
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Chemical Level
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The simplest level of the structural hierarchy. Includes atoms, the smallest units of matter, and molecules, two or more atoms joined together.
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Cellular Level
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Smallest structural and functional unit of the body.
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Tissue Level
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Groups of similar cells that have a common function.
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Four Basic Tissue Types
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Epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous.
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Organ
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A discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types (four is more common) that performs a specific function for the body.
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Integumentary System
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Organ system that includes har, skin, and nails and protects the body from pathogens and maintains homeostasis.
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Skeletal System
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Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movements.
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Muscular System
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Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.
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Nervous System
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As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
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Endocrine System
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Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
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Cardiovascular System
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Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
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Lyphatic System/Immunity
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Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity.
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Respiratory System
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Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
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Digestive System
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Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.
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Urinary System
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Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.
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Reproductive System
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Overall production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones.
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Excretion
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The process of removing wastes from the body.
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Homeostasis
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The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes constantly.
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Receptor
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Temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain. Some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes called stimuli, by sending information to the second component, the control center.
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Control Center
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Determines the set point of homeostasis, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained.
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Afferent Pathway
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Pathway leaving the sensor and going to the control center.
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Efferent Pathway
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Pathway leaving the control center and going towards the Effector.
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Effector
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Provides the means for the control center's response (output) to the stimulus. From brain to body part.
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Negative Feedback Mechanisms
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Where the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces it's intensity. Ex: Thermoregulation
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Positive Feedback Mechanisms
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Where the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. Ex: Breast Milk
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Homeostatic Imbalance
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Disturbance of homeostasis or the body's normal equilibrium.
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Anatomical Position
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1 - Body erect, 2 - Feet slightly apart, 3 - Palms facing forward
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Superior (cranial)
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Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above.
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Inferior (caudal)
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Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below.
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Ventral (anterior)
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Toward or at the front of the body; in front of.
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Dorsal (posterior)
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Toward or at the back of the body; behind.
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Medial
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Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of.
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Lateral
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Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of.
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Intermediate
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Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.
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Proximal
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Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
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Distal
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Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
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Superficial (external)
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Toward or at the body surface.
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Deep (internal)
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Away from the body surface; more internal.
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Cephalic
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Of or relating to the head. Frontal, Orbital, Nasal, Oral, Mental, Otic, & Occipital.
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Cervical
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Relating to or associated with the neck.
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Abdominal
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Of or relating to or near the abdomen. Umbilical.
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Upper limb
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Consists of the arm, forearm, and hand. Acromial, Brachial (arm), Antecubital Olecranal, Antebrachial (forearm), & Carpal (wrist).
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Manus
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Pertaining to the hand. Pollex, Metacarpal, Palmar, & Digital.
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Lower limb
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Coxal (hip), Femoral (thigh), Patellar, Popliteal, Crural (leg), Sural (calf), Fibular or peroneal.
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Pedal (foot)
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Tarsal (ankle), Calcaneal, Metatarsal, Digital, Plantar, Hallux (big toe).
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Back (dorsal)
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Scapular, Vertebral, Lumbar, Sacral, Gluteal, Perineal.
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Pelvic
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Inguinal (groin).
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Plane
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Flat Surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study.
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Sagittal Plane
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Divides body vertically into right and left parts.
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Frontal Plane
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Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions.
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Midsagittal (median) Plane
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Lies on midline. An imaginary line drawn down the midline of the body to divide the body into a right and left side.
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Parasagittal Plane
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Not on midline. Vertical plane that divides the body into unequal right and left sides.
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Frontal (coronal) Plane
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Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior parts.
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Transverse (horizontal) Plane
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Runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts. Produces a cross section.
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Oblique Section
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Cuts made diagonally.
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Dorsal cavity
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Contains the cranial cavity and spinal column.
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Cranial cavity
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Encases brain.
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Vertebral cavity
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Encases spinal cord.
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Thoracic Cavity
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Contains heart and lungs.
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Abdominal Cavity
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Contains digestive viscera.
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Pelvic Cavity
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Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
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Contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
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Ventral Body Cavity
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The more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities, has 2 major subdivisions, the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, houses internal organs called Viscera.
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#1-Frontal Plane; #2-Median Plane; #3-Transverse Plane
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#1-Divides the body into anterior and posterior. #2-Sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline. #3-Horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions.
