Anatomy ch.1
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etymology of anatomy
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reminds us that much of our knowledge of the human body arose from dissection
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dissection
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cutting apart of dead bodies
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cadaver
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(cadaver: to fall) dead body
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vinisection
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(vivi: living) the cutting up of living things ex. during medieval times much knowledge of anatomy was gained through dissecting condemned prisoners while they were still alive
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physiology
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(physio: nature of) the study of how structures function, but it also refers to the actual function of a body part
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Two divisions of Biology
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anatomy vs. physiology
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Two divisions of anatomy
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Gross vs. microscopic
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Gross anatomy or Macroscopic anatomy
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(gross: obvious)(macro: large; scope: to view) the study of structures that are large enough to see with the naked eye
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Three type of gross anatomy
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regional, systemic, and surface anatomy
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Regional anatomy
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focuses on descrying all structures within a certain region of the body before moving on to another region. ex. a regional approach might expect you to learn all the muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, and other structure in the arm before moving on to learn the various structures in the leg. Most medical school use this approach
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Systemic anatomy
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deals with one system in the body at a time before moving on to study another system.
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System
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includes specialized structures called organs that work together to perform a particular function. Ex. the digestive system, which includes organs such as the stomach, intestines, and liver. The digestive system processes food so the body can obtain nutrients for maintaining good health
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Surface anatomy
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relates the position of internal structures to anatomical features that are visible on the body's external surface Ex. phlebotomist. This is used by physicians an nurses when placing a stethoscope on the chest to hear the heart of lungs, or on the arm to measure blood pressure
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Phlebotomist
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(phleb: vein; tony: to cut) uses surface anatomy to locate and puncture blood vessels with a needle to obtain a blood sample
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Microscopic anatomy
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(micro: small) is the study of structures that are so small that we cannot see then with the naked eye. Therefore, we must magnify them with the aid of a microscope (micro: small; scop: to view)
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Two major subdivisions of microscopic anatomy
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Cytology vs. histology
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Cytology
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(cyto: cell) the study of cells, which are the smallest \"living\" components of the body
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Histology
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the study of tissues, which are groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function
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Developmental anatomy
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focuses on structural changes that occur in the body form conception to adulthood. Three subdivisions: embryology, fetology, and postnatal development
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Embryology
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the study of the embryo, or the first two months of development in the womb
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fetology
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the study of the fetus, or the stages of development from the embryo to birth
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Postnatal development
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the study of the stages between birth and adulthood
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cell physiology
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the study of how individual cells carry out their activities. This is the study of physiology at the cellular level
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Renal physiology
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the study of how the kidneys filter the blood sand produce urine; this is an example of physiology at the \"organ level\"
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Neurophysilogy
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the study of how different parts of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and nerves) work; this is an example of physiology at the \"system\" level
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pathophysiology
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(patho: suffering) the study of how disease disrupts body parts
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pathology
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deals with all aspects of disease, including its cause and the anatomical and physiological changes that occur int he affected structures. Pathophysiology is a subdivision of pathology
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Chemical level of organization
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the chemical level of organization deals with matter
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Matter
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anything in the universe that occupies space; therefore the body is made of matter
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elements
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the building blocks of matter, they represent the \"elementary\" (lowest or simplest) form of matter. Ex. Carbon (c), hydrogen (h), and oxygen (o)
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atom
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the smallest stable form of an element
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molecules
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atoms bind with other atoms to form these
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chemicals
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atoms and molecules, they represent the lowest level of organization in the body.
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Cellulat level of organization
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Deals with CELLS
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cell
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the basic unit of life; that is, it is the smallest thing in the body that can be \"living.\" The word \"cell\" literally means \"small room,\" and was applied because the first cells viewed under a microscope looked like a tiny rooms occupied by monks in a monastery.
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organelles
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molecules come together in order to form these, which are specialized structures that perform specific functions inside cells. Ex. of cells include liver cells, skin cells, and pancreas cells. An average adult body may contain 100 trillion cells and there are about 200 different kinds of cells in the body.
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Tissue level of organization
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a group of cells working together to perform a similar function. A tissue would be like a word in this paragraph, since most words contain two or more letters (\"cells\") functioning together to form a meaningful term. The body contains four times of tissues
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4 general types of tissues
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epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
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Epithelial tissue
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a specific type of epithelial tissue that functions as a membrane to cover a surface. ex. the visible part of your skin
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