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Anatomy

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the STRUCTURE of the body and the relation of it's parts

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Physiology

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the science of how the body functions

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Prokaryote

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A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles; ie all bacteria

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Eukaryote

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A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles; ie anything except bacteria, all multicellular organisms

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Cell membrane

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- Cell organ - Seperates cell from environment - double phospholipid layer (protein, carbs, cholesteral) - Semipermeable

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Cytoplasm

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- Cell organ Encompasses everythign within the cell (ribosomes, mitochondria, ER, golgi bodies, lysosomes)

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Mitochondra

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- Cell organ "powerhouse" of the cell, production of ATP

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Ribosomes

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- Cell organ - site of protein synthesis "packages" - float or attached to ER

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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- Cell organ - Transportation network for proteins - send out Ribosomes

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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- Cell organ - No 'packages' - synthesis of cholesterol, steroid hormones, lipids

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Golgi bodies

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- Cell organ - "post office" - receive, package and distribute packages from ER, then exports them - produce lysosomes

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Lysosomes

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- Cell organ "Digesters" - contain digestive enzymes - lots of these found in phagocytic cells

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Centrioles

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- Cell organ microtubules important in organizing mitotic spindles for cell division

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Nucleus

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- Cell organ "Control center" of cell - contains DNA (chromatin/chromosomes) and one or more nucleoli

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Solute

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substance that can be dissolved

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Solvent

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substance that does the dissolving

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Solution

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when a solute has dissolved and is no longer distinguishable from the solvent

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Intracellular

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within a cell

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Intercellular

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between cells

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Extracellular

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outside a cell

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Diffusion

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passive movement from HIGH concentrations to LOW concentrations

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Facilitated diffusion

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diffusion (HIGH concentration to LOW concentration) with the aid of carrier proteins

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Osmosis

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movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from low solute to high solute regions

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Osmotic pressure

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the amount of pressure necessary to stop the flow of water across a membrane

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Filtration

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when substances are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure; small solutes can pass through, larger molecules cannot

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Active transport

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movement of molecules from a LOW concentration to a HIGH concentration, with the aid of carrier proteins ie sodium-potassium pump

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Phagocytosis

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"cell eating" - cell membrane extends around solid particles and engulfs it into the cell

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Pinocytosis

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"cell drinking" - cell membrane extends around fluid droplets

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Endocytosis

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process of material being taken into a cell ie phagocytosis, pinocytosis

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Exocytosis

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process of materials expelled from a cell

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Hypotonic

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extracellular fluid is LESS concentrated than intracellular fluid - ie RBC in water will burst

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Hypertonic

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extracellular fluid is MORE concentrated than intracellular fluid - ie crenated (shriveled) RBC

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Isotonic

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concentrations of extracellular and intracellular fluid are equal ie RBCs in saline

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Tissue

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group of similar cells that perform a particular function

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Histology

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The study of tissues

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Epithelial tissue

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tissue covering body surface, lining body cavities, and part of glands Function: protection, secretion, absorpation, excretaion, filtration

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Squamous epithelium (image)

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Flat, thin, platelike cells (at top)

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Simple squamous epithelium

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tissue that lines blood vessels (endothelium), alveoli of lungs, thoracic and abdominal cavities

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Stratified squamous epithelium

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- tissue found in areas of wear - keratinized: epidermis (skin) - nonkeratinized: lines mouth, esophagus, vagina, rectum

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Cuboidal epithelium (image)

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Tall, rectangular-shaped cells

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Simple cuboidal epithelium tissue

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- tissue that lines digestive tract from stomach to rectum, bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus - absorption and secrection (mucus) - have microvilli

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Stratified columnar epithelial tissue

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- tissue that is rare but in mammary ducts and male's urethra

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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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- tissue that appears to be more than one layer, but all cells are touching basal membrane - usually ciliated - goblet cells, respiratory tract

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Transitional eqithelium

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- tissue that resemble cuboidal and squamous shapes - found in areas where great distention is needed - urinary bladder, ureters, urethra

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Glandular epithelium

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- tissue that secrete products - Endocrine: ductless, secrete hormoenes into blood - Exocrine: have ducts, secrete onto epithelial surface (sweat)

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Connective tissue

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- tissue composed of cells, fibers, matrix - functions: support, protect, insulate, connect, transport fluids, stores energy

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Collagen fibers

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- White fibers - long, straight, VERY strong

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Elastic fibers

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- yellow fibers - long, thin, branching, streatchable

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Skeletal muscle (tissue)

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- striated muscle - voluntary control - long, parallel fibers w/ multiple nuclei at periphery

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Smooth muscle (tissue)

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- involuntary control muscles - shorter, spindle-shaped, smooth cells w/ central nucleus and intercalated discs - found in walls of hollow organs (GI tract, blood vessels)

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Cardiac muscle (tissue)

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- Involuntary control muscle - long, striated cells joined at points called intercalated discs, have a single centrally located nucleus

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Nervous tissue

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tissue specialized for conducting electrical impulses

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Neurons

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nervous tissue conducting electrical impulses

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Neuroglial

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supporting nervous tissue, does not conduct electrical impulses

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Mucous membrane tissue

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- membrane that lines hollow organs and connects to exterior - functions to absorb, secrete (mucus usually), lubricate

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Serous membranes

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- membrane that lines body cavities but does NOT connect to exterior - secretes thin watery fluid to reduce friction b/w organs - ie parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum, parietal pleura (all are named according to location)

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Cutaneous membranes

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- membrane on outside of body (skin) - provides durability, protection, waterproofing

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Cranial

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toward the head

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caudal

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toward the tail

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dorsal

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toward the backbone

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ventral

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away from the backbone

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medial

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closest to median plane

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lateral

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farthest from medial plane

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proximal

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point closest to backbone, reference to limbs typically

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distal

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point furthest from backbone, reference to limbs typically

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toward the front part of the body (ie cranial)

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posterior

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toward the tail part of the body (ie caudal)

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palmar

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bottom of front foot

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plantar

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bottom of rear foot

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Axial Skeleton

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skeletal portion that is found on midline or attached to it (ribs, vert, skull, sternum, hyoid, pelvis)

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Appendicular skeleton

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skeletal portion that is not found on midline or attached to it (limbs, femur, humerus)

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Compact (dense) bone

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Type of hard bone that has very few spaces - composed of haversian canals for blood vessels/nerves, canaliculi (connect haversain canals)

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Spongy (cancellous) bone

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Type of bone with large spaces that are filled with marrow - no haversain systems

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Osteoblast

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Immature bone cell that produces bone matrix

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Osteocyte

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mature bone cell

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Osteoclast

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bone cell capibale of dissolving bone matrix and releasing minerals

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Osteolysis (resorption)

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The process by which osteoclasts disolve bone matrix and release minerals

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Long bones

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Classification/type of bone - long diaphysis, 2 epiphyses, marrow cavity - ie radius, femur

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Diaphysis

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the shaft of a bone

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Ephiphysis

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- enlarged ends of a long bone - composed largely of spongy bone

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Articular cartilage

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the name for the hyaline cartilage that covers the ephiphysis

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Periosteum

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fibrous membrane coverying outside of a bone - rich in blood, nerves, lymph

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Endosteum

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lining of the marrow cavity

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Medullary caviy

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space within the bone the contains the marrow

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Red marrow

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marrow that is hematopoietic tissue, producing RBCs

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Yellow marrow

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marrow that is primarily fat

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Epiphyseal cartilage

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region between diaphysis and epiphysis; aka growth plate

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Short bones

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Classification of small, cube shaped bones - carpus, tarsus

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Flat bones

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classification of thin bones - scapula, pelvis

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Irregular bones

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classification of bones that have complicated/weird shapes - vertebra

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Sesamoid bones

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classification of short, small bones attached to tendons (reduce joint friction) - patella

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Pneumatic bones

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classification of bones that contain sinuses - frontal bones of skull

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Osteogenesis (ossification)

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the process of formation of bone

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Articulations (joint)

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formed by two or more bones coming together

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Synarthrosis

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classification of an immovable joint; fibrous joint tissue, no joint cavity - skull sutures

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Amphiarthrosis

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classification of a slighly movable joint; cartilaginous joint, no joint caivty - pubic symphysis

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Diarthrosis

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classification of a freely movable joint; synovial joint, has joint capsule - stifle

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Ball and socket (spheroid) joint

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type of synovial joint with a head that articulates into a cup-shaped depression - flexion, extension, ab- adduction, rotation, circumduction - shoulder, hip

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Hinge (ginglymus) joint

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type of synovial joit with a cylindrical bone that fits into a depression - flexion, extension - stifle, elbow

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Gliding joint

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type of synovial joint with flat, articulating surfaces - flexion, extension - radioulnar, intervertebral

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Skeletal muscle (structure)

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Long, multinucleated, parallel, striated fibers

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Sarcomere

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functional unit of a skeletal muscle

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Myofibrils

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make up muscle fibers

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Smooth Muscle (structure)

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spindle shaped, one centrally located nucleus

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Cardiac Muscle (structure)

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striated branching cells joined by intercalated discs

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Muscle Contraction (physiology)

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Nerve pulse travels down motor nerve axon, Acetylcholine released into synaptic cleft, impulse transmitted/conducted into T tubules, to sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca released, Ca binds to troponin, binds to myosin binding sites on actin, ATP hydrolyzed (energy), myosin binds to actin, myosin pulls then detaches moving the actin towards center of sarcomere; nerve impulse stops, Ca is actively transported back into sarcoplasmic reticulum, muscle relaxes,

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All or none principle

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principle that muscle fibers must contract to their fullest or nothing at all

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flexion

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direction; decreases angle of joint

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extension

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direction; increases angel of joint

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abduction

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direction; moves a bone away from the midline

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adduction

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direction; moves a bone toward the midline

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levation

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direction; produces a dorsally directed movement

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depression

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direction; produces a ventrally directed movement

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sphincter

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muscle that decreases the size of an opening

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Stopped at nervous system pg 10

answer

...

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