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Levels of organization

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1.Atomic (atoms/elements/ions) 2.Molecular (h2o/glucose/DNA) 3. Organelles (little organs/mitochondria) 4.Cellular (muscle cells/neurons) 5. Tissues (muscle tissue/nervous tissue) 6.Organ (heart,kidney,brain) 7.Organ system (digestive system) 8.Organism (us)

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What makes something alive?

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Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion,metabolism, excretion,reproduction, growth

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Homeostasis

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The maintenance of a stable internal Enviromental, in response to a changing external environment

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Define A&P

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Anatomy studies structure of the body and physiology concerns the function of the body

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Principle of negative feedback

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The feedback causes an opposite reaction to the stimulus ex. If the room heats up the thermostat cause the AC to cool it down 1. The stimulus 2.the receptor 3.control center 4.chemical messengers 5.effectors

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Matter

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Anything that occupies space and has mass

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Potential energy

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Stored energy- inactive energy that has the potential or capability to do work

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Kinetic energy

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Energy in action

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Element

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Unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods

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Molecule

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A substance made of two or more atoms chemicals bonded together;it can be the same or different atoms

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Atomic weight

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The average of all the atomic masses of all the isotopes of that particular elements found in nature

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Atomic number

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The number of protons found in the nucleus, which also tells you how many electrons there should be

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Atomic mass

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The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of a single atom

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Isotope

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All known elements have two or more structural variations. They have the same number of protons electrons but differ in the number of neutrons they contain

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What 3 factors will affect the kinetic energy of a small particle?

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Temperature, density and particle size

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Describe an atom in terms of the arrangement and charges of its protons,neutrons and electrons

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Atomic structure Nucleus l us made up of positive protons and neutral neutrons and negative particles orbiting around the nucleus is called electrons. in a neutral Atom the number of electrons equals the number of protons however the number of neutrons Can and will vary

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What are the 5 characteristics of water that make it useful to living critters?

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1.what are can be a component in reaction 2.high specific heat 3.water is a good lubricant 4.water is a great Solvent 5. It cushions

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Define mixture and describe the composition of it.

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A substance made up of two or more components that are well mixed together- characteristic of a mixture is at the components are relatively easy to separate again they are not chemically bonded

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Define solvent and describe the composition of it

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The one present the greatest amount in a mixture is called the solvent the solvent is always a water

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Define solute and describe the composition of it

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The one present the least amount in a mixture is called a solute the solute will be various Atoms, molecules and ions

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Describe the energy levels (shells) of an Atom and give the capacity of the first three

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Shell 1- 2 electrons Shell 2- 8 electrons Shell 3- 18 electrons

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Given the atomic composition of a molecule, and the atomic weight of its atoms, calculate the molecular weight

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H20 = H-1/ H-1/ O-16 = 18

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Explain two ways in which the outer level of electrons may become stabilized

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1. Atoms try to have their outer shells either completely full or completely empty. They will either lose or gain electrons to stabilize their outer shell. 2. Sharing a pair of electrons

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Describe the formation of covalent bonds what is the difference between polar versus nonpolar covalent bonds

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Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. Polar bonds are formed when these atoms share the pairs unequally resulting in partial changes. Non-polar bonds are just sit there with no charge.

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Explain hydrogen bonding how is it important in living systems

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Hydrogen bonds hold complementary strands of DNA together, and they are responsible for determining the three-dimensional structure of folded proteins including enzymes and antibodies.

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Describe the formation of ionic bonds

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the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms

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What's the difference between ionic covalent and hydrogen bonding

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Ionic and covalent bonds are intramolecular bonds, meaning that they exist inside the molecule. Hydrogen bonds are intermolecular bonds, meaning they bond two separate molecules.

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Describe the process of disassociation

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Molecules separate or split into smaller particles such as atoms, ions or radicals, usually in a reversible manner.

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Define electrolyte

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the ionized or ionizable constituents of a living cell, blood, or other organic matter.

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Define ion

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an atom or a molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving the atom or molecule a net positive or negative electrical charge.

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Define Cation

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a positively charged ion

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Define Anion

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a negatively charged ion

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Define pH

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measure of how acidic/basic water i

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Define acid and base

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Acid-gives hydronium ion Base-accepts hydronium ion

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Define respiratory acidosis

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lungs can't remove enough of the carbon dioxide

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Define respiratory alkalosis

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disturbance in acid and base balance due to alveolar hyperventilation

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Define metabolic acidosis

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A condition in which too much acid accumulates in the body.

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Defined buffer and describe how they work

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A buffer is an aqueous solution that has a highly stable pH. If you add acid or base to a buffered solution, its pH will not change significantly. Similarly, adding water to a buffer or allowing water to evaporate will not change the pH of a buffer.

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Define organic molecule

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A molecule of the kind normally found in living systems. Organic molecules are usually composed of carbon atoms in rings or long chains, to which are attached other atoms of such elements as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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Divine monomer and polymer

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Monomer-a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer. Polymer-large molecule composed of many repeated subunits.

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Define enzyme

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are biological molecules (proteins) that act as catalysts and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life

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Define catalyst

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Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of an additional substance called a catalyst. With a catalyst, reactions occur faster because they require less activation energy.

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Define cofactor

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cofactors can be considered "helper molecules" that assist in biochemical transformations.

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How are emzymes named

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commonly named by adding a suffix "-ase"

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Describe the process of filtration

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separating suspended solid matter from a liquid, by causing the latter to pass through the pores of some substance, called a filter.

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Defined endocytosis

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a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell by engulfing them in an energy-using process.

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Define pinocytosis

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cell drinking Small vesicles form at the surface of the cell and pinch off inside the cell. This is how the cell can bring in extracellular fluid.

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Define phagocytosis

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cell eating

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Define exocytosis

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This is basically the reverse of endocytosis. Those secretory vesicles formed by the Golgi apparatus leave the cell by exocytosis.

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How does the receptor mediated endocytosis function

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This is a selective process, not just any molecule will do. 1. Membrane contains protein receptors for a particular called a ligand. 2. The binding of the ligand and receptor causes the cell membrane to invaginate (just like the other forms of endocytosis) 3. The vesicle will separate the ligand from the receptor. 4. The vesicle will split into two vesicles, one containing the ligand, one containing the receptors. 5. The receptors will return to the surface to bind with some more ligands. 6. The vesicle containing the ligand will fuse with a lysosome and the ligand will be digested.

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