AMSCO world history chapter 14 – Flashcards
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Mississippian
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The first large-scale civilization in North America
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Mississippian culture
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started in the valley of the Mississippi River and spread east, built enormous earthen mounds, most were pyramid shaped some were oval, and some built in the forms of animals
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Mississippian main crops
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Corn, beans, squash, and tobacco
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Cahokia
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The largest town is in present-day Illinois, in 1250 the population was 40,000 people, was a trading city
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Great Sun
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A chief that ruled each town
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Social Hierarchy of Mississippian
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Great Sun upper class of priests and nobles farmers, hunters, merchants, craftspeople, and laborers slaves, prisoners of war
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Matriarchal Society
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the social standing was determined by the women's side of the family
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Decline of Mississippi in 1450
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flooding/extreme weather caused crop failure and the collapse of the agricultural economy needed to sustain the populations of large cities, diseases
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Toltec
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built capital at Tula in northern Mesoamerica by 950, at its high there was 60,000 people
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Quetzalcoatl
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continuation of the cult that borrowed from the Mayans
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Aztecs
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alson know as the Mexicas, originally hunter-gatherers who migrated to central Mexico from the north in 1200s CE, founded capital Tenochtitlan on what is now Mexico City
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putting Tenochtitlan on an island in the middle of the swampy lake, when city grew scooped up mud from the lake bottom to create more land
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The Aztecs used geography for protection and defense by
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pyramids, temples, and palaces
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were made of stone
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chinampas
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built floating gardens to increase the amount of space for food production
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tribute system
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ensured dominance in the short-run, conquered people were forced to pay tribute, surrender lands, and perform military services
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pochteca
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special class that specialized in luxury good
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Aztec theocracy
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at the top was emperor Great Speaker; next were land owning nobles formed majority of Aztec military leadership; below them were scribes and healers; following were craftspeople and traders, pochteca: below them were peasants and soldiers; at the bottom were slaves
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human sacrifice
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also called auto-sacrifice to repay gods
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Aztec Religion
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Worshipped an ever-evolving pantheon of hundreds of deities, many of whom were considered to have both male and female aspects
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365 day calendar from the Mayan
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used to mark religious ceremonies
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aztec trade goods
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obsidian, cloth, cacao, & rubber balls for shells, feathers, & stones
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husbands may have more than one wife
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result from high demand for cloth that women wove
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Cuzco
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In the early 15th century, in what is now Peru, was a small center of one of several competing tribes.
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Pachacuti
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means "transformer" or "shaker" of the earth
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Yupanqui
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Pachacuti's son, took control in 1471 and conquered Chimu in north ruled approximately 1493
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Huayna Capac
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Yupanqui his successor, focused on consolidating and managing the lands conquered by his predecessors
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The Incan Empire
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was split into 4 provinces each with its own governor and bureaucracy
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mita system
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mandatory public service, men ages 15 to 50 provided Agricultural and other forms of Labor including construction of roads
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Quechua
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the Incan language
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maize, potatoes, tomatoes, squash, peanuts, cocoa, and cotton
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main crops
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Royal ancestor veneration
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dead rulers were mummified and continue to "rule" as they had in life and were to retain ownership of their servants, possessions, and property
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Inca
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people of the sun
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Inti
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the sun god, was arguably the most important of the Inca gods
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own temple and priests, a 30-day calendar each month featuring its own religious festival
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each god had his or her...
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Priests
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consulted before important actions, diagnosed illness, predicted the outcomes of battles, solved crime, and determined what sacrifices should be made to which god
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burned as sacrifices
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Corn, guinea pigs, and llamas
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aminism
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Incas believed that the elements of the physical world could have supernatural powers
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huaca
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could be large geographical features like a river or peak of a mountain, or could be very small objects such as stone, a plant, or building object, such as a bridge
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quipu
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a system of knotted strings used to record numerical information for trading and engineering and for recording messages to be carried throughout the empire
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terrace system
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for cultivating crops like maize and potatoes, raised bed and channels that captured/redirected rain
