question

elections of 1952, 1956

answer

In these two presidential elections Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon defeated Adlai Stevenson quite easily. (p. 580-581)

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Dwight Eisenhower

answer

The United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany. In the election of 1952 he became the the 34th President of the United States. (p. 579)

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Adlai Stevenson

answer

An Illinois governor and the Democratic presidential nominee in 1952 and 1956. He lost both elections to Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon. (p. 580)

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Richard Nixon

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He was vice president under Dwight Eisenhower. In 19868, he would become the 37th President of the United States, but in 1974 he resigned in disgrace after the Watergate scandal. (p. 580)

question

modern Republicanism

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President Eisenhower's term for his balanced and moderate approach to governing. Claiming he was liberal toward people but conservative about spending money. He helped balance the federal budget and lowered taxes without destroying existing social programs. (p. 580)

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Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW)

answer

In 1953, President Eisenhower consolidated welfare programs under this new department, run by Oveta Culp Hobby, the first woman in a Republican cabinet. (p. 580)

question

soil-bank program

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President Eisenhower created this program as a way to reduce farm production, thereby increasing farm income. (p. 580)

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Highway Act; interstate highway system

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The most permanent legacy of the Eisenhower administration was this act passed in 1956. It created 42,000 miles of highway linking every major city in the nation. (p. 580)

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John Foster Dulles

answer

In the Eisenhower administration, he was the Secretary of State that pursued a policy of pushing the USSR and China to the brink of war. However, Eisenhower prevented him from carrying his ideas the extreme. (p. 581)

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brinksmanship

answer

The principle of pushing Communist nations to the brink of war, thinking they would back down because of American nuclear superiority. (p. 581)

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massive retaliation

answer

This was Eisenhower's policy, it advocated the full use of American nuclear weapons to counteract even a Soviet ground attack in Europe. (p. 582)

question

decolonization

answer

After World War II, dozens of European colonies in Asia and Africa became independent countries. (p. 582)

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India, Pakistan, Indonesia

answer

From 1947 to 1949, these three countries gained their independence. (p. 582)

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Third World

answer

Term applied to a group of developing countries that often lacked stable political and economic institutions. Their need for foreign aid often made them pawns of the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. (p. 582)

question

CIA, covert action

answer

Undercover intervention in foreign government by the CIA during Eisenhower's presidency. (p. 582)

question

Iranian overthrow

answer

In 1953, the CIA helped overthrow this government and established a monarch ruler with close ties to the U.S. He provided favorable oil prices and purchased American military arms. (p. 582)

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Korean armistice

answer

In July 1953, China and North Korea agreed to an armistice that would divide Korea into North Korea and South Korea near the 38th parallel. (p. 583)

question

Indochina

answer

In the early 1950s, France was fighting to retake control of their colony in southeastern Asia. The French were defeated in 1954 and they agreed to give up Indochina, which was divided into the nations of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. (p. 583)

question

Ho Chi Minh

answer

The North Vietnam Communist dictator who fought the French until 1954, and South Vietnam until 1975. (p. 583)

question

Geneva Conference

answer

A 1954 conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam. (p. 583)

question

division of Vietnam

answer

By the terms of the Geneva Convention, Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the 17 parallel until a general election could be held. A prolonged war (1954-1975) occurred between the Communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. (p. 583)

question

domino theory

answer

The political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also fall to Communist control. (p. 583)

question

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

answer

In 1954, an international organization for collective defend and block further Communist gains is Southeast Asia. (p. 583)

question

State of Israel

answer

In 1948, after a civil war in the British mandate territory of Palestine left the land divided between the Israelis and the Palestinians, this nation was founded. The United Nations oversaw the process and many neighboring countries fought against the creating of this Jewish state. (p. 584)

question

Arab nationalism

answer

Arab nationalist General Gamal Nasser of Egypt, asked the United States for funds to build the Aswan Dam on the Nile River. (p. 584)

question

Suez Canal Crisis

answer

In July 1956, Egypt sized the British and French owned Suez Canal. Britain and France carried out a surprise attack and retook the canal. The United States sponsored a U.N. resolution condemning the invasion of Egypt. Eventually Britain and France withdrew their troops. (p. 584)

question

Eisenhower Doctrine

answer

This 1957 doctrine, pledged United States economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by Communism. (p. 584)

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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

answer

In 1960, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela formed this organization of oil-producing nations. (p. 584)

question

atoms for peace

answer

In 1953, President Eisenhower's proposal to the U.N. to slow down the arms race. (p. 585)

question

spirit of Geneva

answer

The 1955 meeting in Geneva, which produced the first thaw in the Cold War. (p. 585)

question

open-skies

answer

The Soviets rejected this proposal for open aerial photography of eachothers territory in order to eliminate surprise nuclear attacks. (p. 585)

question

Nikita Khrushchev

answer

The ruler of the USSR from 1958-1964. He reduced government control of Soviet citizens and sought peaceful coexistence with the West. (p. 585)

question

peaceful coexistence

answer

In early 1956, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, gave a speech in which he denounced the crimes of Joseph Stalin and supported "peaceful coexistence" with the West. (p. 585)

question

Hungarian revolt

answer

In October 1956, Hungary actually succeeded in overthrowing a government backed by Moscow. The Soviets sent in tanks to crush the freedom fighters and restore control over Hungary. The United States took no action in the crisis and gave de facto recognition of the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. (p. 586)

question

Warsaw Pact

answer

This 1945 agreement formed formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries including the USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. (p. 586)

question

Sputnik

answer

In 1957, the Soviet Union shocked the United States by launching the first space satellites into orbit around the earth. Fears of nuclear war were intensified since the missiles that launched the satellites could also deliver nuclear warheads anywhere in the world within minutes. (p. 586)

question

NDEA, NASA

answer

In 1958, Congress created the National Defense and Education Act (NDEA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (p. 586)

question

U-2 incident

answer

In 1960, the Soviet military used a guided missile to shoot down an American U-2 spy plane over Soviet territory, revealing a formerly secret American tactic of the Cold War. (p. 586)

question

Cuba, Fidel Castro

answer

A bearded socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba, only 90 miles from the United States. He nationalized American-owned businesses and the U.S. cut off trade with the country. (p. 587)

question

military-industrial complex

answer

In his farewell address, President Eisenhower warned the nation to "guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence... by the military-industrial complex". (p. 587)

question

Jackie Robinson

answer

The first African American player in major league baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans. (p. 588)

question

causes of movement

answer

The origins of the 1950s civil rights movement was the migration of African Americans to the North where they gained more political power. As the United States battled the Soviets for the hearts and minds of people around the world, it was clear that racial discrimination in the U.S. was a wrong that needed to be corrected. (p. 588)

question

NAACP

answer

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People tried to protect the constitutional right of African Americans. (p. 588)

question

desegregation

answer

The action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community. (p. 588)

question

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

answer

In May 1954, the Supreme Court agreed with Thurgood Marshal and ruled that "separate facilities are inherently unequal" and unconstitutional, and that school segregation should end immediately. (p. 588)

question

Earl Warren

answer

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, who presided over the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case, which overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. (p. 588)

question

Southern Manifesto

answer

After the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Supreme Court decision, 101 members of Congress signed this manifesto condemning the Supreme Court for a "clear abuse of judicial power". (p. 588)

question

Little Rock Crisis

answer

In 1957, Governor Faubus used the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. President Eisenhower sent federal troops to ensure the black students could attend class. (p. 589)

question

Rosa Parks

answer

In 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, a middle aged black woman refused to give up her seat on a bus, which led to her arrest for violating segregation laws. This triggered an African American protest of boycotting the city buses. (p. 589)

question

Montgomery bus boycott

answer

Rosa Park sparked a massive Afican American protest of the Montgomery, Alabama buses. (p. 589)

question

Martin Luther King Jr.

answer

The minister of a Baptist church in Montgomery, Alabama, and a civil rights leader. (p. 589)

question

Civil Rights acts of 1957, 1960

answer

The first civil rights laws since Reconstruction, they formed the Civil Rights Commission and provided some protection for the voting rights of blacks. (p. 590)

question

Civil Rights Commission

answer

Created by civil rights laws of 1957 and 1960. (p. 590)

question

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

answer

In 1957, Martin Luther King Jr. organized ministers and churches to create this civil rights organization. (p. 590)

question

nonviolent protest

answer

To call attention to the injustice of segregated facilities students would deliberately invite arrest by sitting in restricted areas. (p. 590)

question

sit-in movement

answer

In February 1960, African American college students in Greensboro, North Carolina created this protest after they were refused service at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter. (p. 590)

question

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

answer

In 1960, an organization that called attention to the sit-in movement. (p. 590)

question

immigration issues

answer

In the 1950s, Congress dropped the bans on Chinese and other Asian immigrants and eliminated race as barrier to naturalization. (p. 590)

question

Operation Wetback

answer

In the early 1950s, this program forced an estimated 3.8 million people to return to Mexico. (p. 590)

question

homogeneity

answer

A description of American 1950s culture. (p. 590)

question

popular culture

answer

In the 1950s, white suburbanites conformed to societal norms. (p. 590)

question

paperbacks

answer

This innovation in books, started in the 1950s, and led to the sales of a million copies per day by 1960. (p. 591)

question

television

answer

A curiosity in the late 1940s, by 1961 there were 55 million of these devices in America. (p. 591)

question

rock and roll

answer

Teenagers loved this popular music which was available as inexpensive records during the 1950s. (p. 591)

question

consumer culture

answer

In the 1950s, consensus and conformity were hallmarks of the American culture. Television, advertising, and the middle-class move to the suburbs, contributed to this culture. (p. 590)

question

fast food

answer

There was a proliferation of these restaurants in the 1950s. (p. 591)

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credit cards

answer

A new method of payment in the 1950s. (p. 591)

question

conglomerates

answer

In the 1950s, large businesses with diversified holdings began to dominate industries such as food processing, hotels, transportation, insurance, and banking. (p. 591)

question

social critics

answer

In the 1950s, conformity was valued. William Whyte documented the loss of individuality in his book, "The Organization Man" (p. 591)

question

The Lonely Crowd

answer

In 1958, this book by Harvard sociologist David Riesman criticised the replacement of inner direct individuals with other directed conformists. (p. 592)

question

The Affluent Society

answer

In 1958, economist by John Kenneth Galbraith wrote this book about the failure of wealthy American to address the need for increased social spending for the common good. (p. 592)

question

The Catcher in the Rye

answer

A 1950s book by J. D. Salinger, it provided a classic commentary on phoniness as viewed by a troubled teenager. (p. 592)

question

Catch-22

answer

A 1950s book by Joseph Heller that satirized the stupidity of the military and war. (p. 592)

question

beatniks

answer

A group of rebellious writer and intellectuals led by Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg. They advocated spontaneity, use of drugs, and rebellion against societal standards. (p. 592)

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