American Lit 2327 – Flashcards
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What was the name of the English philosopher whose work Jonathan Edwards delighted in reading,
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John Locke
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how did Edwards apply this philosopher's ideas to his own work in the congregation he served as a minister?
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be moved by them
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Briefly discuss Edwards' accomplishments and the success of the first fifteen years of his ministry; then
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spirit of revivalism -- Great Awakening -- church filled, widely published
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What did Franklin believe about the human mind, the church, and religion? (The answer to this question is a bit hard it find. It is found on page 456 in the author's introduction to Benjamin Franklin, in the paragraph that begins with "Franklin's observations about electricity
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...we are naturally inocent and that religious mind could be explained to our advantage and education properly undertaken would transform our lives and set us free
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What were some of the political offices that Thomas Jefferson held?
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legislature, vice president, president
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What were the three things Jefferson said he wished to be remembered for?
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drafting the declaration of independence, writing, and supporting the Virginia statue for religious freedom, and founding the University of Virginia
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What did Jefferson say about human equality, and what were the three basic human rights he enumerated in the "Declaration of Independence"?
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unable to to imagine blacks integrated into American society he counseled their colonization elsewhere
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What was it that Jefferson wanted to include a strong statement against in the "Declaration on Independence," but was overruled by Congress because it was such a controversial issue at the time?
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British people on record as the ultimate cause of the Revolution because they tolerated a corrupt Parliament and king and a strong statement against slavery.
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Who were the other four men who worked with Jefferson on drafting the "Declaration of Independence"?
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Ben Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston
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Who was the "poet of the American Revolution" and what did he do to earn this name?
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Phillip Freneau
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Which of Freneau's poems shows that he was an anti-slavery activist?
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Sir Toby
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What did Freneau believe was a better teacher of religion than the church and less likely to lead to persecution
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..Teachers of philosophy.
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Where was Phyllis Wheatley born, and how did she come to the United States?
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Senegal or Gambia. She was bought as a companion and traveled on a vessel named Susannah
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How was Wheatley's education different from that of the typical slave?
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She was taught to read and write
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What social cause did Equiano's narrative further?
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antislavery
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Where was Equiano born?
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Nigeria
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Describe Equiano's family and his life as a child before he was captured and sold into slavery
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...High standing in the tribe. Happy.
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How old was Equiano when he was captured and sold into slavery?
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11
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Explain how Equiano happened to be captured and sold into slavery and who was captured along with him
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Everyone was gone except him and his sister and 2 men and a women came over the wall and captured them.
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What careless mistake did Equiano make while feeding his African master's chickens that ultimately led to his being sold and sent to the coast?
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throwing a pebble at the chicken and killing it.
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Describe the horrible conditions on the slave ship
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chained and whipped
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What did Equiano think the white men on the slave ship were going to do with him when he saw the pot of boiling water onboard?
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if they were going to be eaten
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Who wrote "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God?"
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Jonathan Edwards
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Who wrote remarks concerning the savages of North America
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Benjamin Franklin
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"A Declaration By the Representatives of the United States of American
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Thomas Jefferson
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"The Indian Burying Ground"
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Philip Freneau
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"To Sir Toby"
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Philip Freneau
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"On Religion of Nature"
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Philip Freneau
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"On Being Brought from Africa to America"
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Phylilis Wheatley
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To the Right Honorable William, Earl of Darmouth"
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Phylilis Wheatley
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"On the Death of the Rev. Mr. George Whitfield"
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Phylilis Wheatley
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The Very Interesting Narrative of the Life of Oludah Equiano
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Olaudah Equiano
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The "new world" can most usefully and accurately be thought of as:
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a genuinely new set of social relationships characterized by initial wonder, followed by cultural borrowing, political wrangling, and resourceful exploitation, by all the peoples brought into contact with one another
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How did the Spanish colonizers deal with the decimation of the Native populations with which they came into contact in the Caribbean and the mainlands of Central and South America?
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they introduced African slavery into their colonies and forced the slaves to do the labor they had initially counted on Natives to perform.
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Which of the following best describes North American Native culture in 1492?
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a collection of peoples who spoke hundreds of different languages belonging to entirely different linguistic families, who structured their societies in widely diverse forms and developed diverse and sophisticated oral cultures
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What transformation enabled Westerners to understand Native American oral traditions as "literary"?
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the Romantic era shift in the meaning of literature in European cultures
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Bringing oral literature to page always involves not just translation of Native words into English words, but also another kind of translation. What is it?
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the translation of the physically embodied, performative quality of oral literature
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Which European country had the most dominant and aggressive imperial presence in the Americas before 1570?
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Spain
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Which of the following was NOT a genre or type of text that appeared regularly in the body of literature produced by sixteenth-century Europeans involved in the exploration of America?
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theatrical pieces representing the political maneuverings of Europeans inside colonial outposts
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Which of the following represents an important difference between the groups known as the Pilgrims and the Puritans?
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The Pilgrims wanted to separate from the established Church of England; the Puritans wished to purify the church from within.
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What is the Puritan doctrine of election?
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the belief that God had chosen, before their birth, the people he would save and the people he would damn
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What metaphor did John Winthrop, the first governor of the Puritan Massachusetts Bay colony, use to characterize the Puritan colony and to remind the Puritans that they would be an example to all?
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a city on a hill
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Which of the following best describes the eighteenth-century movement known as "the Enlightenment"?
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a conviction that the human mind could comprehend, and sometimes control, the physical universe and that human fellow-feeling and sympathy is the basis of moral life
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Immigrants to the American colonies in the eighteenth century can be characterized as:
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an ethnically diverse group of Europeans, including English, Dutch, French, German, and Jewish immigrants along with an increasing number of enslaved Africans
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The advent of Enlightenment ideals made the universe seem:
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rational and benevolent
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Which of the following best describes the beliefs of Deists?
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They deduced the existence of a supreme being from the construction of the universe itself rather than from the teachings of the Bible.
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The name "Great Awakening" describes:
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a religious revival that maintained the truth of revealed religion while emphasizing the importance of human emotion and feeling
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Which of the following people is most closely associated with the movement known as "The Great Awakening"?
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Jonathan Edwards
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hat is the title of the collection of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison to support the new federal constitution in 1787 and 1788?
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The Federalist Papers
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Which of the following best describes the situation for female American writers in the late eighteenth century?
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Women published commentary on public events, as well as belles lettres in periodicals using feminine pen names, and authored some important novels in the period.
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During the American Revolution, many eastern Native American tribes:
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sided with the British
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Which of the following people is often perceived as best representing, and even embodying, the promise of the Enlightenment in America?
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Benjamin Franklin
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With how many ships did the Pilgrims set forth from Holland in 1620?
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two
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What happened after the Pilgrims discovered that they had landed on Cape Cod?
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They considered heading for the Hudson River, but were blocked by rocks and rough seas
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Upon their arrival on Cape Cod, what did the Pilgrims find to sustain them in their trials?
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God and His grace
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Why was the contractual agreement known as the Mayflower Compact necessary?
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Mutinous members of the company sought to take advantage of the fact that their charter had been for Virginia, and the ship had landed far outside of that jurisdiction.
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After establishing their colony at Plymouth, the Pilgrims faced a difficult first winter. How many of the original one hundred survived this first season?
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fifty
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Which person established a "mad Bacchanalian" settlement at Merrymount that disgusted Bradford with its lewd and shiftless behavior?
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Thomas Morton
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To what cause does Bradford attribute the weakening of the Plymouth community, starting about 1632?
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prosperity
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Why, according to Edwards, is God wrathful toward the Puritan people of New England?
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People are wicked sinners, and God's wrath is infinite and arbitrary.
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If He is so wrathful, why doesn't God smite the wicked now, instead of waiting?
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God is waiting for some sign that we believe in Christ, but he is ever ready to smite us if we turn out not to believe.
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Why is Edwards giving this sermon, if we are all in such mortal peril from God's wrath?
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He believes we must be awoken to our peril so that we may experience conversion.
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What phrase does Edwards use to describe the force that stays God's hand from smiting us in his wrath?
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the sovereign pleasure of God
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Which of the following will not be a characteristic quality of the wrath we can expect from God if we continue in our unregenerate ways?
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appropriate to your sins
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At one point during his description of God's wrath, Edwards quotes and then interprets Isaiah 63.3: "I will tread them in mine anger, and will trample them in my fury, and their blood shall be sprinkled upon my garments, and I will stain all my raiment." Which of the following is not one of the "manifestations" that Edwards names from this passage?
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pity
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How goes the pace of unconditional election during the Great Awakening?
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t is quickening.
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What brought Wheatley out of Africa?
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mercy
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In what verse form is "On Being Brought from Africa to America" written?
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heroic couplets
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Who is the explicit audience of this short poem?
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Christians
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Those who view Negroes with a "scornful eye" see their skin color by what adjective?
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diabolic
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What explicit assumption of Americans is this poem working actively to dispel?
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that Africans cannot be Christians
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What evidence does Wheatley provide that Africans may be redeemed?
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her own conversion to Christianity
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explain what he did to alienate his congregation and to provoke them enough to remove him from their church, even though there was no other minister to take his place immediately.
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calling people out on the pulpit -- returning to the old communion.
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Contact and Conflict
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Native American
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Speech at Detroit
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Pontiac
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Reply To the Missionary Jacob Cram
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Red Jacket
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Speech to the Osages
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Tecumseh
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Who best epitomizes the spirit and determination of the Pilgrims?
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William Bradford
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What were some of Bradford's duties as governor of Plymouth Plantation?
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Chief judge and jury Oversaw agriculture and trade made allotment of land
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What kind of education did William Bradford have?
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he didn't have university education. Was taught the arts of farming.
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What church in their original homeland did Bradford and the other "Separatists" want to separate from and start their own churches?
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The Church of Englan
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How did the English law view the separation from the Church of England?
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act of treason
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What theologian's model did the Separatists follow in setting up their churches?
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John Calvin -- Old Testament
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The Bloody Tenet of Persecution, for Cause of Conscience, in a Conference between Truth and Peace."
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Roger Williams
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What were some of the bad things that happened to the Puritan Separatists when they were persecuted in England?
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scofted and scorned by profane multitude Threatened with force compliance with tenants of the church of england
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What other European country did the Puritan Separatists go to when they first left England, before coming to America?
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Holand
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What happened to the "proud and profane young man" who made all the other passengers on the Mayflower miserable by cursing and threatening the sick?
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he was hit by grievous disease and was the first to die and was thrown overboard
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What part did Bradford think God had played in causing this obnoxious young man to meet his fate?
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the curse laid on him and they noted it was the hand of God
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What great danger did the Mayflower encounter at sea, that put the ship at risk of sinking?
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Fierce storms and the main beam was bowed and cracked
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What was the first thing the Mayflower passengers did when they finally arrived safely in the harbor of Cape Cod and set foot on dry land?
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they fell upon their knees and blessed the God of Heaven
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What percentage of the people in Bradford's group died within two or three months' time?
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1/2 of the company
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In addition to starvation, what was another major cause of death?
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scurvy and other diseases
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What was the difference between Winthrop and the Pilgrims such as William Bradford?
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was not a separatist
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What was John Winthrop's profession?
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lawyer
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Who was chosen as the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
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John Winthrop
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Explain the battle between the mouse and the snake and the pastor's metaphorical interpretation of it.
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the snake was the devil mouse was a contemptible people which God had brought hither to overcome
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What tragedy befell Anne Hutchinson after being banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony when she was pregnant?
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she gave birth to a disfigured fetus (globular)
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What fate did Anne Hutchinson eventually meet up with after her husband died?
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she was killed by Indians
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What were some of the difficulties Anne Bradstreet suffered during her life?
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mom killed herself rheumatic fever
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What proved to Anne Bradstreet that God really did exist? She was the first in a long line of American poets to do what?
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evidence of her own eyes took consolation from wondrous works
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What disabilities did Cotton Mather have to cope with, and what did he become at great success at, although it was assumed he could never do this because of his disability?
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stuttered and nervous disorder Preacher
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What were the family tragedies that darkened Cotton Mather's life?
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lost his first 2 wives and all but 2 of his 15 children died before him. 3rd wife went insane.
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The Prologue,"
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Anne Bradstreet
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The Flesh and the Spirit,"
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Anne Bradstreet
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To My Dear and Loving Husband,"
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Anne Bradstreet
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In Reference to Her Children
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Anne Bradstreet
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Wonders of the Invisible World"
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Cotton Mather
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What purpose do stories about the creation of the world serve?
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general cultural outlook and offer perspectives on what life is and how to understand it
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What book in the bible can they be compared to?
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Genesis
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Where did the woman in this story give birth?
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the dark world
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What did the turtle in this story eventually become?
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island of earth
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Who were the Spanish monarchs at the time of Columbus' voyages?
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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How many voyages did Columbus make?
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4
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What were some of the disasters Columbus suffered as a result of his voyages and trouble back in Spain? (Make certain you include an explanation of what soured his friendly relations with the Taino Indians.)
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none of Europeans alive spanish settlers open rebellion under arrest Taino Indians were enslaved last trip ship wrecked in Jamaica Virtual breakdown
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By what name did his discoveries come to be called? (This is the name for a large group of islands Columbus and the Spaniards mistakenly thought were a part of Asia. That is how they got their name
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West Indies
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How does Columbus describe "Espanola," (the island now known as Haiti and the Dominican Republic) and what marvels has he found there? How does he describe the land and its people?
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fertile many harbors many rivers very lofty mountains Espanola was a marvel
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How would you describe Columbus' mood at the time of his first voyage and the general tone of this letter?
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very excited and upbeat
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Where was Columbus when he wrote this letter? 4th Voyage
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Jamaica
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What kind of agreement did Columbus make, "under seal and oath," with Ferdinand and Isabella, before he made his discoveries?
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title of viceroy, admiral and governor general fixed boundary hundred leagues beyond azores and all that he might discover in the future
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What complaint (redress) did Columbus make about others who wanted to explore the lands he discovered?
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they plunder prejudice his honor and do great damage to the enterprise
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What happened to Columbus and his brothers just as they thought things were going so well for them?
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they were made prisoners
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How has Columbus changed physically since he began his voyages and what does he have to show for all his years of service to Ferdinand and Isabella?
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his hair has turned gray his body is infirm he has nothing to show for it
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How does Columbus describe the land and its people now? Compare this with how he described them in his first letter
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savages -- full of cruelty -- foes
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Who was Europe's most eloquent apologist (activist) for Native American rights?
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Bartolome de las Casas
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How did de las Casas treat the natives when he first came to Hispaniola?
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like everyone else morally blind taking advantage
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What did de las Casas become, and why did his attitude toward the natives change?
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he became a priest and renounce slave system
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What was the Spanish name for the Indian slave system?
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encomienda
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What unfortunate remedy to the Indian slave system did he propose, why did he finally repent of this suggestion?
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black slavery it was just as unjust as Indian slavery
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Describe some of the ways the "Christians" abused the Indians
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subjection of women and children acts of force and violence example most powerful ruler of the island had to see his wife raped
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What misconception about Columbus and the other Europeans did native peoples have that made it easier for the Europeans to abuse them?
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they thought they were Gods who had come from heaven
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How did the Indians attempt to throw the "Christians" out of their lands, why were they unsuccessful, and what atrocities did the "Christians" commit in retaliation?
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they took up arms but the weapons were weak for every christian slain by the indians they would slay a hundred indians
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What did the Spaniards do to the Indians who tried to escape to the mountains?
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pursue them with fierce dogs
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Describe the conditions on the slave ships that carried the Indians. Why did so many of them die on the ships, and what did the Spaniards do with the dead?
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they were held without food or water they cast the dead over board
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Describe the work of the pearl fishers and the conditions under which they lived and worked. What were two types of horrible death that many of them suffered while fishing for pearls?
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they are forced to dive deep and rip oysters out of their rocky beds sharks spitting blood and weakened by diarrehea
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Where did the Cabeza de Vaca family get its unusual name, and what does it mean?
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war against the Moors cow's head used a cow's skull to mark a strategic route through an unguarded mountain pass
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Who was the leader of Cabeza de Vaca's first expedition to the Americas, what were some of the disasters they endured?
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Panfilo de Narvaez men deserted ships disapeared crew on Narvaez disappeared at sea hurricane
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What three islands did they visit? On which of these three islands did they finally end up shipwrecked on after they escaped from the hostile natives of Florida on homemade rafts or barges? How many other men in his expedition survived with him?
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Galveston Island 3 other men
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What was Cabeza de Vaca surprised to find "Christians" from his own country doing in Mexico, and how did his opposition to their illegal get him arrested? What happened to the 600 Indians who were traveling with him
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Rio de la Plata colonists profiting from unjustly he was forcibly removed from office and sent him in chains back to Spain He was exiled to Algeria the 60 Indians were seized and made into salves
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When did Cabeza de Vaca write his Relation, to whom did he address it, and why did he write it?
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he addressed to Charles V recount his sufferings and many brushes with death and to explore his complex feelings regarding the native americans and his countrymen's dealing with them
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How many years did Cabeza de Vaca spend wandering "lost and miserable over many remote lands" on his first expedition to the Americas?" What were some of the unappetizing things he and his band were forced to eat in order to survive?
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9 years Root, raw meats, dogs
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Clothing (or the lack thereof) and body piercings: What are the differences between men and women?
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women wearing clothing covering only some parts men go naked they have nipples and lips pierced
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What happens when a son or brother dies, and how can this lead to repeated deaths in the family?
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whole village mourns Parents set off wails each day before dawn, non, and sunset for one year no one leaves for three month for food in the family
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What are the special funeral rites and customs for medicine men?
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medicine men are creamated
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Who is the only member of the tribe that gets to have three wives?
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medicine men
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What happens when a daughter marries, and how do the bride and her husband interact with each other's parents and relatives after the wedding?
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She must take everything her husband kills to her parents house and must eat or withhold any part of it. Neither the brides father or mother my enter son in laws house after marriage.
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Couples sleeping together during and after the wife's pregnancy and the babies' extended nursing period
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they do not sleep with pregnant wives 2 years breast feed until 12
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Disagreements between couples and abandonment of wives
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Common for men to leave their wives if childless but men that have children never leave.
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How are quarrels between men settled?
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they fist fight until exhausted and then go to their homes to cool off when they are cooled off they are friends again. Men never interfere in others fights.
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What strange custom do they practice when acquaintances meet or visit?
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they weep for half an hour before they speak. When this is over the who is vidted rises and gives the vistor all he has.
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What did the Indians do when Diego de Alcaraz had Cabeza de Vaca to order them to bring the Spaniards food? What did Alcaraz plan to do with Cabeza de Vaca's Indian followers? What did Cabeza de Vaca order the Indians to do instead of staying with him and the other Spaniards at the end of the excerpt?
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the Indians bring them all their corn Alcarz plan to make them slaves go and rebuild their villages
