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Technology Revolution

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Alexander Ghram Bell Thomas Edison The Wright Brothers Henry Ford - model T Ford Impacted the construction of: -Highways -Drive In theatres -Motels -Gas Stations

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Land issues/Naive Americans

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Attempted to integrate native Americans into white society as farmers -Made them into small property owners Critics felt that it undemined tribal soverntity "Killing us with kindness"

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Expansion of the Railroad

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1860 - 35,000 miles of track 1900 - 200,000 miles of track Aided in the transportation of goods, provided employment, opened up the west for settlement, and benifited the postal service. Central Pacific - from Sacremento east Union Pacific - from Omaha west

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Componets of the Railroad

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Land - Provided by the government Steel - Provided by Andrew Carnegie Labor - Provided by imigrints Money - Provided by j.P. Morgan

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The Gilded Age

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Took place 35 years after the Civil War A quick movemwnt into industry - "Industrial Revolution"

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J.P. Morgan

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Arogant - contmept for "ordinary" people Refused to loan money to the Federal government until 1880 Main area of focus was the railroad

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The Robber Barons

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"Captains of Industry" &"Theives" -J.P. Morgan -Andrew Carnagie 90% claimed to be religious All attributed their success to hard work and God

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The Populist Party

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Farmers had problems that were beyond their control -Needed money which they could only get from Eastern banks -Neede tools and machinery -Dependent on weather -Dependent on the economy Formed a political party and supported the Democrats

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the Dawes Act of 1887

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Cause the land related problems with the Native Americans

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the Homestead Act of 1862

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grant land to settlers for $1.25 an acre or free if they lived on it for five years

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Rev. Josiah Strong

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Argued that Americawas the true center of Anglo-Saxon virtue and was destined to spread it

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Alfred Thayer Mann

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Naval captain, wrote "The Influence of Sea Power on History" "the United States should seek global dominance through its navy"

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William Henry Seward

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United States politician who as secretary of state in 1867 arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia (known at the time as Seward's Folly) (1801-1872)

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Booker T. Washington

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Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

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William E.B. Dubois

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A fearless activist who was determined to confront disenfranchisement, Jim Crow and Lynching. He wrote" The Souls of Black Folk" (contained the first formal attack towards Washington and his friendship). Lead the Niagara movement. First black scholar to graduate from Harvard. Established the NAACP. Also wrote "Double consciousness" the discussion among 2 types of blacks (American but still black) African American operate in the background during work. The upper 10 %( educated ones) helped blacks advance.

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Albert Beveridge

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A historian and United States Senator from Indiana who also was a skilled orator. One of his speeches justified the annexation of the Philippines, thus promoting a growth of American imperialism.

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Mark Hanna

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An industrialist and Republican politician from Ohio. The campaign manager of McKinley in the 1896, in what is considered the forerunner of the modern political campaign, and subsequently became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate.

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Problems with Labor Unions

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- not clear on motives - didn't seem unified - didn't share similarities - lack of leadership - public didn't trust them - no common language

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"Molly Maguires"

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A secret Irish organization of coal miners in regions of western Pennsylvania and West Virgina in the mid to late 1800's. The miners worked together to achieve better working conditions, and when demands weren't met, they protested by destroying mining equipment and other activities. They were eventually brought down by a Pinkerton detective, and some alleged members had trials and were hanged.

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Knights of Labor

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1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

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The Wisconsin idea

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The governor of Wisconsin (Robert La Follette) introduced many Progressive reforms such as lowering railroad rates which increased rail traffic that benefited both railroad owners and customers.

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Ida B. Wells

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the lynching of blacks outraged her, an african american journalist. in her newspaper, free speech, wells urged african americans to protest the lynchings. she called for a boycott of segregated street cars and white owned stores. she spoke out despite threats to her life.

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The Red Record

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by Ida B. Wells, is a one hundred page pamphlet describing lynching in the United States since the Emancipation Proclamation, while also describing blacks' struggles since the time of the Emancipation Proclamation.

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Thomas Dixon

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Writer of the popular novel "the clansmen", it described the typical African-American as "half child, half animal, the sort of impulse, when, and conceit... Of being who, left to his will, roams at night and sleeps in the day, whose speech knows no word of love, whose passions, once aroused are the fury of the tiger

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Spanish American War

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"a splendid little war", War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

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U.S.S. Maine

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Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

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William Hearst

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Wrote for, and owned, the New York Journal. He was Pulitzer's rival, and tried to outdo Pulizter in the use of sensational stories and headlines, also known as yellow journalism.

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Joseph Pulitzer

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The publisher of the New York World, a large newspaper that used yellow journalism to compete for readers and printed many articles about the Cuban revolution, which inspired many to want to help.

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Fredrick Remington

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sketched concentration camps in Cuba "You provide the pictures; I'll provide the war"

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The De Lome Letter

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February 1898- One of the factors that led to the Spanish-American War. Newspapers intercepted a letter written by Spanish Ambassador (Depuy de Lôme) to Washington. The letter called President McKinley "weak and bidder for the admiration of the crowd.

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The Platt Amendment

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cuba required to provide united states with territory for military bases; cuba to repay united states war debts; cuba prohibited from entering into agreements detrimental to united states interests; united states reserved the right to intervene in Cuban affairs that threatened united states interests.

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Guantanamo Bay

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military base granted to America in Cuba through the Platt Amendment, granted the United States a perpetual lease of the area for "2000 gold coins a year"

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The Teller Amendment

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stated that once Cuba won its independence, the United States would leave the government and control of the island to its people

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The Panama Canal

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Built to make passage between Atlantic and Pacific oceans easier and faster because there were many Navy ships that needed to get from Gulf of Mexico out to the Pacific to help protect American islands in case of invasion; built by Roosevelt

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Theodore Roosevelt

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26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

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Leon Czolgosz

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Self proclaimed anarchist, Czolgosz was the son of working-class Polish immigrants who was extremely disaffected by the growing social and economic divide within the United States. He shot President McKinley at the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, New York on September 6, 1901.

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Themes of Progressives

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1) Democratization of Government 2)Efficiency - Efficient management of time 3)Regulation of Corporations 4)Impulse towards social justice

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Robert M. La Follette

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The most celebrated state-level reformer who was elected governor of Wisconsin in 1900. Under his leadership the progressives won approval of direct primaries, initiatives, and referendums. He regulated railroads and utilities, passed laws to regulate the workplace and provided workers compensation, instituted graduated taxes on inherited fortunes, and nearly doubled state levies on railroads and other corporate interests. He greatly widened public awareness of progressive goals.

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Muckrakers

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This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt. -Jacob Riis -Lincoln Steffens -Ida Tarbell - Upton Sinclair

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Achievements of Progressives

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1)The Meat inspection Act 2)Pure Food and Drug Act 3)The initative - allowed citizens to introduce legislation at the state level 4)The Referendum - can be used to finance projects 5)The power to recall political figures through petitions 6)16th Amendment - Income taxes 1913 7)17th amendment - direct election of U.S. Senators 8)18th Amendment - Prohibition 9)19th Amendment - Women's right to vote 1919

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Failures of the Progressive Movement

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Did not include African Americans for the most part Corrupt Politicians Schools Suffered " ---Schooling in late nineteenth century America consisted of a narrow intellectual exercise, where industrialization had a major influence. In addition, the structure of the classroom, the method of instruction, the relationship between teachers and learners were other variables that fostered no creativity.

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William Howard Taft

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(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

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Woodrow Wilson

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Democratic candidate 1912, stood for antitrust, monetary change, and tariff reduction; far less active than Roosevelt, Clayton Anti-trust Act (to enforce Sherman), Child Labor Act

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John Hay

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secretary of state in the McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt administrations; he was the author of the Open Door Notes, which attempted to protect American interests in China in the early 20th century by asking European countries to pledge equal trading rights in China and the protection of its territory from foreign annexation.

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Queen Lilliuokalani

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Queen of Haiwaii while Haiwaii was annexed into the United States

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