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Scalawags

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Southern whites who supported republican policy throughout reconstruction

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Carpetbaggers

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Northerners who went to the South after the Civil War to profit financially from the confused and unsettled conditions,name derived from suitcase made of carpet material

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Radical Republicans

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These were a small group of people in 1865 who supported black suffrage. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after.

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Presidential Reconstruction

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Lincoln's plan to rebuild the South after the Civil War. His basic policy was to avoid punishment of the South because he wanted to make sure that he could bring the South back into the Union.

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Congressional Reconstruction

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• Passed 14th and 15th amendments • Military reconstruction act divided the south into five military districts • New state constitutions required to guarantee voting rights • Military rule protected voting rights for African Americans • Empowered African Americans in government and supported their education

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Freedmen's Bureau

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1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

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Compromise of 1877

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Unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden (Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South.

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Impeachment of Andrew Jonhson

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Johnson was impeached on February 24, 1868,he violated the Tenure of Office Act, passed by Congress the previous year.He removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War (whom the Tenure of Office Act was largely designed to protect), from office and replaced him with Major General Lorenzo Thomas without approval from the senate.

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Party Peception

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...

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Reconstruction Amendments

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the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, designed to ensure the rights of freed slaves, are known as this

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Jim Crow's Law

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Law that passed to control the freedmen

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Tenure of Office Act

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In 1867 this Act was passed which limited the President's power by prohibiting the President from removing civil officers w/o Senate consent. Goal was to bar Johnson from firing Secretary of War Stanton.

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Election of 1876

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one of the most disputed presidential elections; electoral votes awarded to Hayes in exchange for withdrawal of troops from the south

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Command of the Army Act

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took military control away from the president

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Seward's Icebox, 1867

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secretary of state: William Henry Seward under lincoln and johnson predicted that foreign trade would play an increasingly large part in US economy:NEGOTIATED PURCHASE OF ALASKA FROM RUSSIA

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Atlanta Comprise,1895

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The agreement was that Southern blacks would work meekly and submit to white political rule, while Southern whites guaranteed that blacks would receive basic education and due process in law; blacks would not agitate for equality, integration, or justice, and Northern whites would fund black educational charities.

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Homestead Act of 1889

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Incentive for US migration

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Causes for closing of the frontier

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meaning there was no longer a discernible frontier line in the west, nor any large tracts of land yet unbroken by settlement.

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Manifest Destiny

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the belief that the United States was destined to stretch across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

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Frederick Jackson Turner

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American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

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New South

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The rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy

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Time Period of Indian Policies

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refers the relationship between the United States Government and the Indian Tribes that exist within its borders.

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The US Gov's Relationship to Indians

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Federal policy was enshrined in the General Allotment (Dawes) Act of 1887 which decreed that Indian Reservation land was to be divided into plots and allocated to individual Native Americans.

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General Allotment Act

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Dawes - Land granted to Indian's to hope assimilate them into society 1887-1934

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Economic basis for the plains Indians

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...

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Burke Act 1906

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modified Dawes Act; Indians who accepted land on the reservations and abandoned tribal ways received citizenship, voting rights, education

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Wheeler-Howard Act,1934

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It attempted to undo the damage done by the Dawes Act by restoring tribal ownership of reservation lands and giving the Indians credit for land purchases.

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Lacey Act 1907

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can not transport live or dead animals across state lines

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Causes for Immigration

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To gain money , and find a work there was there is no peace or normal life and low salaries

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Sources of European immigrants after the Civil War

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European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers.

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Immigration Legislation

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1891 - Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) charged with implementing enforcing immigration law 1924 - law limited immigration based on "national origins quota system"1965 - Immigration & Nationality Act amended 1924 law -Abolished quota system -Allocated immigrant visas on a first come, first serve basis --preference for reunifying families or those special skills

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need for Immigrants

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...

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Jobs for Immigrants

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they were taken advantage of and paid less, Illegal immigrants normally took jobs that don't appeal to most americas. Ex: factory workers, farmers , maintenance workers, construction and food preparation. They were normally paid very little.

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Education and Social background of immigrants

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...

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Gilded Age

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1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor.

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Monoplies

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Exclusive control over a product or the means of producing it. Prevents Competition

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Corporations

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groups of individuals authorized by law to act as a single entity; a business owned by many investors

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Trusts

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Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly).

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Holding Companies

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a corporation that owns or controls other companies by buying up their stock

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Andrew Carnegie

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A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

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John D Rockefeller

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an American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history

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Social Darwinism

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The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle

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Socialism

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An economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.

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Laissez-faire

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Policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference

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Cartels

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Unions of independent businesses in order to regulate production, prices, and the marketing of goods.

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Inventions

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a new tool, device, or process created after scientific study and experimentation

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Fredrick Winslow Taylor

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He discovered the scientific management system, which was a way of organizing people in the most efficient manner.

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Urban Living Conditions

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..., These were awful in the 19th Century as a result of poor sewage treatment, water conditions and bad foundations for buildings

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Cause for Urbanization

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urbanization is due to the growth of population in cities and the migration of people to the cities from the rural area to the urban areas for better employment and to lead a better life.

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Education Advances

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High schools growing. Kindergartens grew, teacher training schools grew. Literacy rate rose dramatically. Adults left out of education benefits, but used Chataqua movement.

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National Chains

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A collection of newspapers owned by one individual or company that are distributed to many cities nationally. In theory a chain allows wider distribution of political news and ideas. They have also given increased power to those publishers aiming to influence politics.

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Horatio Alger

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Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work

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Jay Gould

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United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)

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Sport and Leisure

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...

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Realism in art Literature

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attempt to portray people realistically instead of idealizing them.

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Great Migration

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Movement between 1915 - 1940 of millions of African Americans to the north in search of work and fair treatment.

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Boss Tweed

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William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city.

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Presidential Term 1865-1900

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Andrew Johnson 1865-1869 . Ulysses S. Grant 1869-1877 Rutherford Hayes 1877-1881 James Garfield 1881 Chester Arthur 1881-1885 . Grover Cleveland 1885-1889 Benjamin Harrison 1889-1893 Grover Cleveland 1893-1897 William McKinley 1897-1901 Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909

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Dominant Congressional Parties

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is a system where there is "a category of parties/political organizations that have successively won election victories and whose future defeat cannot be envisaged or is unlikely for the foreseeable future.

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Populist Reforms

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1. Wanted senators to be elected by the popular vote. 2. Single terms Vices President and President. 3. Secret ballets to end voter fraud. 4. 8 hour work days. 5. Restrictions on immigration.

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Scandals in the Grant

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Wall Street conspirators who attempted to corner the available gold supply and prevent the government from selling gold by enlisting Grant's brother-in-law, Abel Corbin, as co-conspirator. Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/what-were-some-of-the-scandals-that-plagued-the-grant-administration#ixzz2KXdVfF2d

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People's Party

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U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies, formed in 1892, the populist party was created by farmers' alliances. The peoples' party supported the abolition of national banks and the government ownership of railroads

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Cross of Gold Speech

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A speech given by William Jennings Bryan that advocated the use of silver coins, convinced the Democrats to elect him as their presidential candidate in the 1896 election

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National Labor Union

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1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8 hour work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers. Led to the creation of unions.

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Knights of Labor

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(GC) , one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century. Founded by seven Philadelphia tailors in 1869 and led by Uriah S. Stephens, its ideology may be described as producerist, demanding an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories. Leaderships under Powderly, successful with Southwest Railroad System, failed after Haymarket Riot

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American Federation of Labor

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1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

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Molly Maguries

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They were a secret group of Irish-American coal minters that fought and protested the living and working conditions. Their violent acts led them to be removed, while damaging the reputation of unions.

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Share Cropping

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system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops

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Farm Tenancy

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As with sharecropping, many farmers were forced into renting instead of buying farmland as the risks and costs associated with farming grew. By 1880, 25% of all farmers were tenants.

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Crop Lien

answer

a way for farmers to get credit. After the crop was harvested they would use it to pay back their loan

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Surplus V defict spending

answer

Deficit spending is the amount by which spending exceeds revenue over a particular period of time, also called simply deficit, or budget deficit; the opposite of budget surplus. The term may be applied to the budget of a government, private company, or individual.

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Granges

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a group of farmers who met for lectures, sewing bees, and other events

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Alliance

answer

An agreement between nations to work together for common interests

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Crime of 73

answer

The U.S. ended the minting of silver dollars and placed the country on the gold standard.

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Major Depressions

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a mood disorder involving disturbances in emotion (excessive sadness), behavior (loss interest in one's usual activities), cognition (thought of hopelessness), and body function (fatigue and loss of appetite)

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Exports V Imports

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Exports - sending away from money/Imports - bringing in

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Tariffs

answer

a tax on foreign goods brought into a country

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